Prostitutes Bakhmut, Telephones of Girls in Donetsk

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Hide Footnote At the same time, disruptions of the steel trade were hurting the region, as global prices dropped and Russia placed new limits on imports from neighbouring states. Dollar values are rounded to the nearest ten, calculated at the 1 April rate. InKyiv imposed a ban Prostitutes Bakhmut all but humanitarian cross-line shipments, and the de facto authorities responded by seizing Ukrainian-owned industrial assets on their side of the line, vesting control in a newly created entity that has racked up Prostitutes Bakhmut arrears and run facilities into the ground.

Both of the latter figures include rural areas, most of which are now under government control, and where life expectancy is typically higher. See O. The grim superlatives did not stop there. The density of pollution per square kilometre in the region was over six times the national average.

Vytryshchak, S. Zhuk and A. Hide Footnote Levels of Prostitutes Bakhmut crime and drug addiction were among the highest in the nation. Subsidies for Donetsk industry continued to eat into the national budget. While in the gross regional products of Donetsk and Luhansk accounted for roughly 12 and 4 per Prostitutes Bakhmut of national GDP, respectively, Prostitutes Bakhmut two oblasts received 27 and 11 per cent of all Prostitutes Bakhmut government subsidies and transfers to regions.

Hide Footnote But the funds were put to other uses. Ukrainian activists accuse Yanukovych and his clan of pilfering the subsidies, with one report claiming that they stashed hundreds of millions in offshore accounts between and alone.

Hide Footnote Yanukovych denies having engaged in illegal self-enrichment. Hide Footnote At the same time, disruptions of the steel trade were hurting the region, as global prices dropped and Russia placed new limits on imports from neighbouring states. Although contrary to economic realities, the narrative fed local perceptions that the region did a lot of dangerous work for few rewards.

The Maidan Prostitutes Bakhmut against then-President Yanukovych was not particularly popular in Donbas, although some protesters did gather at considerable personal risk. Instead of signing, Yanukovych had pledged to pursue closer ties with the Russian-led Customs Union. By the time Yanukovych agreed to step down in Februarythe Party Prostitutes Bakhmut Regions had put a lot of effort into making his Donbas stronghold into a bulwark against EU association.

Yet they also played on economic misconceptions and abstract cultural prejudices. This report examines the economic underpinnings of the Prostitutes Bakhmut conflict both historically and today. It is Prostitutes Bakhmut on fieldwork in the region, dating back to the protests and counter-demonstrations, and continuing throughout the subsequent war and its aftermath.

Crisis Group interviewed dozens of workers, pensioners and other residents on both sides of the front line that has come to divide eastern Prostitutes Bakhmut, as well as officials from the Ukrainian government and the de facto statelets that sprung up in Donetsk and Luhansk in The research also includes conversations with protesters and fighters from Donbas, business owners and employees, humanitarian aid workers, civil society organisation personnel and independent experts, among others.

Building on Prostitutes Bakhmut Crisis Group work, the report shows how various economic and related issues have shaped conflict and Prostitutes Bakhmut peacemaking Prostitutes Bakhmut eastern Ukraine and suggests some ways to address them. Hide Footnote Prostitutes Bakhmut do they always echo the story told in some Kremlin circles, in which humble and fearless workers rose up against an illegal fascist regime, using Soviet-era weaponry found in mines and old stockpiles.

More salient, perhaps, was abstract frustration with the status quo. Hide Footnote Prostitutes Bakhmut, particularly coal workers who had seen Moscow shut down its own mines just over the border in past decades, were sceptical.

Yet while views on the prospect of joining Russia varied, opposition to the Maidan protest movement grew quickly among industrial workers as orders from Russia for Ukrainian products dried up. Fears that Russia would close its border to those goods also mounted. Hide Footnote Throughout March and Aprilarmed men, some from across the border, seized industrial enterprises as well as municipal buildings in the Donbas region.

Hide Footnote Many local workers simply kept their heads down, neither resisting nor actively aiding the takeovers. The role of Rinat Akhmetov and his business empire in these early days of the conflict is Prostitutes Bakhmut subject of fierce Prostitutes Bakhmut in Ukraine.

He also allegedly offered funding to separatist battalions, possibly in a bid Prostitutes Bakhmut avoid having them seize his assets — an allegation he denies. He called on his thousands of factory workers in the city of Mariupol, home to two Prostitutes Bakhmut his giant steel mills, to take to the streets to repel pro-Russian demonstrators.

By Octobersome 4, Ukrainians on both sides of the fight had been killed. Mariupol remained under Prostitutes Bakhmut control. So did the lesser industrial centres of Kramatorsk, Sievierodonetsk and their respective surroundings. Meanwhile, Kyiv moved to extricate its institutions, and some of its citizens, from rebel-held areas. It passed legislation granting Prostitutes Bakhmut roughlypeople who had fled these areas the right to register as internally displaced persons IDPs and receive cost-of-living subsidies.

In November, Kyiv announced that it would withdraw all government services and funding from these territories the following month, in order to prevent funds from reaching the separatists. By December, the number of registered IDPs had doubled, largely because so many pensioners had signed up hoping to retain access to their benefits. Yet Kyiv retained industrial ties with the separatist-held territories for reasons of economic and energy security. It supplied steel mills in these territories with iron ore through cross-line rail shipments.

Crucially, anthracite moved from east to west across the Prostitutes Bakhmut to supply thermoelectric power stations, which ran on this form of coal. Samopomich was a pro-Western political party. This arrangement was controversial among many who had fought with the Ukrainian government, as well as other hardline Ukrainian nationalists. Hide Footnote Some Prostitutes Bakhmut suspected Akhmetov of helping fund the separatist entities in return for the freedom to continue operating, Prostitutes Bakhmut playing a double game in which Kyiv was complicit.

Prostitutes Bakhmut trade arrangement did not last. In Januarymembers of the Donbas volunteer battalion linked to Samopomich, a Ukrainian political party that billed itself as pro-European integration but that was not part of the Poroshenko government, blocked railroads into separatist-held territories.

Hide Footnote According to both supporters and Prostitutes Bakhmut critics of their blockade, however, ideology was not the driver. Hide Footnote Ukrainian police tried and failed to break up the blockade. Meanwhile, de facto separatist authorities expropriated Ukrainian-registered enterprises, reportedly often forcibly.

In reality, de facto authorities were struggling to take control. Some pro-Kyiv activists say they received distressed calls from workers reporting violent scuffles lasting for days. Hide Footnote But the de Prostitutes Bakhmut authorities eventually prevailed. On 15 March, D-TEK issued a press release announcing that it had lost control of its entities in both the DPR and LPR, including mines, coal processing plants, a tidal power station, a thermoelectric power station, and related electricity networks and service providers.

Hide Footnote The same day, President Poroshenko announced the cessation of all cross-line shipments as well as mass transit, with exceptions only for humanitarian aid. D-TEK offered to evacuate staff to government-controlled areas, although representatives say only a few top and middle managers took the company up on it.

Hide Footnote The new blockade also deprived Ukraine of all of its anthracite mines, as these were now all on separatist-held territory, drastically altering its energy consumption and import patterns. For the majority of the population, the new realities, albeit decidedly less lucrative than the old, have nonetheless become normal.

After two years of dramatic decline in and the additional shock of trade cessation inindustrial production on both sides of the line is stabilising at a very low level. Consumer prices, after years of rapid increase, are also steadying, albeit at a level well above what they were before Prostitutes Bakhmut war. Pre-existing industrial supply chains and markets have been replaced by new ones, although few Donetsk and Luhansk residents are particularly excited by these arrangements, Prostitutes Bakhmut feel more like stopgaps than the building blocks of a shining future.

Amid the everyday hardships that many citizens on both sides of the line face are a few perks for some. These include new forms of licit commerce and subsidy, as well as opportunities for corruption and illegal trade.

For people in government-held areas, there are now openings to work with foreign organisations; others here can benefit from a program, administered by the de Prostitutes Bakhmut separatist authorities, that provides financial assistance and free medical treatment. Some, dependent on these modest but important sources of income, are fearful of any steps toward reintegration that could result in their loss.

Yet this fear should not be mistaken for active or enthusiastic support for the current situation. Nor should it deter the two sides from taking steps to make peace by rebuilding economic bridges. The km line of separation running through Donbas has not only shaped new economic realities, but it also complicates efforts to gain an accurate picture of the situation.

Because Prostitutes Bakhmut recognises all of Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts as Ukrainian, the government keeps estimates for the total population of these oblasts, rather than merely the parts that it controls. Yet in keeping with its non-engagement with those it terms occupiers, Kyiv has not until recently recognised the birth and death certificates that they issue. Nor have the sides systematically shared information on migration. Hide Footnote According to a detailed study comparing pre-war and post-war government statistics, as well as figures from the de facto authorities, 3.

Hide Footnote If Ukrainian government statistics are to be believed, roughly 3. The part of Donbas that Kyiv controls had been less populous, less urban and less industrially developed Prostitutes Bakhmut the areas across the line.

The war shifted this dynamic. Oblast authorities in government-controlled Prostitutes Bakhmut and Donetsk moved from their separatist-controlled eponymous cities to the smaller and Prostitutes Bakhmut less developed towns of Sievierodonetsk and Kramatorsk.

Hide Footnote Foreign money has flowed in as aid from the U. International organisations and NGOs have set up offices staffed in part by foreigners with greater purchasing power than the vast majority of Prostitutes Bakhmut.

Some residents say the transformation of local towns has resulted in real quality-of-life improvements, such as new social and educational opportunities. Displaced people Prostitutes Bakhmut also enriched these communities by Prostitutes Bakhmut their talents. Hide Footnote In provincial Starobilsk, seven women displaced from LPR-held areas Prostitutes Bakhmut up a thriving community centre in a disused movie theatre.

Hide Footnote A significant proportion of the legal and humanitarian aid workers in front-line areas are transplants from across the line. At the same time, much of the new economic activity has come at the expense of vulnerable segments of the population, including local pensioners and IDPs living on fixed incomes.

Increased housing prices illustrate the problem. Property owners sought to capitalise on the influx of new government workers, security personnel, foreign aid workers and IDPs, causing rental prices to spike. Hide Footnote The average IDP pensioner, regardless Prostitutes Bakhmut which side of the line he or she actually resides on, receives more, due to the historical prevalence of higher-paying industrial jobs in areas now held by separatists. The higher value applies to households with one disabled member.

Dollar values Prostitutes Bakhmut rounded to the nearest ten, calculated at the 1 April rate. The exchange rate has since risen, but so have consumer prices. Those inclined to sell property located in de facto-controlled territory and buy in the government-controlled counterpart must take account of collapsing prices in their home areas. Numerous towns near the front line have developed whole new businesses revolving around pension tourism.

Hide Prostitutes Bakhmut Some IDPs make money by holding a Prostitutes Bakhmut for pensioners in line at branches of Oshchadbank, the only bank from which pensioners can retrieve their payments, and where one can stand in a queue for hours. Combined, Prostitutes Bakhmut factors have rendered some towns practically unrecognisable, according to residents. Trains no longer go to Donetsk and Crimea, Prostitutes Bakhmut a explosion, believed to have been an act of military sabotage, interrupted service on other lines.

Instead, taxi and bus drivers constantly ferry Prostitutes Bakhmut back Prostitutes Bakhmut forth from the front-line crossing Prostitutes Bakhmut of Novotroitske, 10km away. The town is dotted with nightly rentals catering to visiting pensioners. How residents of Volnovakha are making money off the conflict], Belsat, 11 June Crisis Group observations, Novotroitske and Volnovakha, June Starobilsk, 7okm from the front line in Luhansk oblast in a largely rural section of government-controlled territory, had a pre-war population of 17, Now it is officially home to some 46, residents, including 29, registered IDPs, of whom about 8, reportedly live there, while the rest visit periodically to claim their pensions.

Hide Footnote When Luhansk National University split in two inwith some faculty and students choosing to stay in the LPR, the section that remained under Ukrainian authority moved to Starobilsk with about 3, faculty members. Hide Footnote Some have Prostitutes Bakhmut housed in the same dormitories as their students, although city authorities for Sievierodonetsk the provisional oblast capital announced plans in Prostitutes Bakhmut to move the university there given the strain it was putting on Starobilsk.

For pension tourists, shops in the tiny downtown mall have been converted into bare-bones hostels. These transformations have generated new social tensions. Visiting Prostitutes Bakhmut note the proliferation of new legal and semi-legal forms of commerce that revolve around their marginal status, expressing a resulting sense of alienation from Ukrainian authorities and sometimes the local population.

Hide Footnote Pensioners at Prostitutes Bakhmut and other hostels in government-controlled Bakhmut, Kramatorsk and Sievierodonetsk, echoed this sentiment during Crisis Group visits throughout At the same time, pensioners residing in Kyiv-controlled areas have been known to express anger that their counterparts across the line typically enjoy higher incomes than they do, when IDP payments and aid from the de facto authorities are factored in.

Hide Footnote Residents of Kyiv-controlled areas complain of long lines at banks, ATMs and grocery stores caused by pension tourists descending on their towns. At times, these frustrations interact with broader political or social resentments in a toxic brew. Other tensions arise on the job Prostitutes Bakhmut.

Locals of working age complain that IDPs are taking their jobs. Their qualifications may be a double-edged sword as Prostitutes Bakhmut as some people on the government-controlled Prostitutes Bakhmut of the line are concerned: they bring valuable skills, but they are also tough competitors for jobs. From the standpoint of reported cases and deaths, government-controlled parts of Donbas are among the parts of the country least affected by the epidemic.

The Prostitutes Bakhmut return of migrant labourers from EU countries Prostitutes Bakhmut reduced remittance income for many families.

Finally, because of prohibitions on civilian crossings of the front Prostitutes Bakhmut — which remained partly in place as of late July — pension tourism, and with it spending by pensioners from separatist-controlled areas in government-controlled areas, has been curtailed.

If commerce in government-controlled Donbas has grown livelier in the past two years, workers with technical qualifications are still hard pressed to find well-paying jobs. Industrial production Prostitutes Bakhmut government-controlled Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts in stood at about 20 and 15 per cent of levels, respectively, compared with 80 per cent throughout the rest of the country.

Prostitutes Bakhmut are two sets of reasons. Bythis figure had dropped to just overtonnes, and in it stood attonnes. Luhansk, traditionally third in the yearly rankings behind Donetsk and neighbouring Dnipropetrovsk, reduced its industrial emissions fromtonnes in to just over 46, in and dropped to eighth place.

Hide Footnote Secondly, industrial production in government-controlled areas has suffered steep drops due to the combined effects of shelling, interrupted supply chains — particularly after the trade cessation — and the outflow of qualified workers.

Hide Footnote Wage arrears in the coal industry are a chronic problem. Hide Footnote Lawmakers have taken action to reduce these debts significantly following a string of strikes held in the mine shafts Prostitutes Bakhmut. The fate of several significant entities illustrates the war-related struggles of industries in government-controlled areas.

The D-TEK-run Luhansk thermoelectric plant is just outside Shchastya, a one-time suburb of Luhansk Prostitutes Bakhmut located 5km from the front line. The plant is also now the sole energy supplier for government-controlled sections of the oblast. Shelling destroyed one of its transformers in lateand the cross-line trade cessation has cut the plant off from its anthracite supply since Hide Prostitutes Bakhmut Still, it Prostitutes Bakhmut has to power down and rely on gas when Russian railways block shipments.

People familiar with the industry have warned that given the unreliable coal supply and the expense of gas, which Kyiv rebuffed requests to subsidise before mandating coal as the primary fuel for power stations in Junethe plant borders on Prostitutes Bakhmut. A Shmyhal. Hide Footnote It also bodes ill for regional energy security.

Hence the energy provided by the plant cannot easily be obtained elsewhere. The coke plant in the town of Avdiivka, a former suburb of Donetsk city whose outskirts straddle the front line, likewise has suffered.

It has been shelled hundreds of times, resulting in the death Prostitutes Bakhmut an employee. Three of its five former coal suppliers, as well as its sulfuric acid suppliers, are in separatist-held territory.

One supplier on the separatist-controlled side of the line, the Zasyadko mine, has come under regular fire and Prostitutes Bakhmut frequent service interruptions since the fighting first broke out. After the blockade, the plant had to switch its supply to imported coal and sulfuric acid. While managers Prostitutes Bakhmut it has been functioning at pre-war capacity since mid, they also have warned of possible shutdowns on several occasions due to raw material Prostitutes Bakhmut.

Peace in Ukraine (III): The Costs of War in Donbas | Crisis Group

Although other entities struggle with the loss of cross-line links, Donbas Water embodies the risks of sustaining these ties. The sole remaining cross-line utilities provider, Donbas Water serves over one million people on both sides.

Donbas Water retains its headquarters in separatist-held Donetsk city. Staff there meet virtually with counterparts at a new headquarters in the quiet government-controlled town of Pokrovsk. Prostitutes Bakhmut company is deeply in debt for several reasons. Prostitutes Bakhmut DPR charges households less for utilities; some customers, such as front-line residents, cannot pay. Others, including enterprises that the de facto authorities expropriated Prostitutes Bakhmutmay be able to pay, but do not.

Prostitutes Bakhmut infrastructure has suffered weapons strikes from both sides, threatening the water supply of Prostitutes Bakhmut, people. Hits to chlorine pipes have raised the spectre of deadly leaks.

At least twelve employees have been killed on the job since the war began. Many others have been injured, including by small arms fire that the UN assessed was aimed at them.

Illicit and informal trade across the Prostitutes Bakhmut line has declined significantly since the first few years of the war. It Prostitutes Bakhmut nevertheless key to the livelihoods of many front-line residents, and it may be a boon to some consumers in the statelets.

West-east trade, from government-controlled to separatist-held areas, makes up the vast majority. The business model rests on the high Prostitutes Bakhmut and low price of Ukrainian consumer goods, particularly foodstuffs, relative to those available across the line.

The scale and frequency of smuggling peaked inwhen it relied on truck convoys carrying consumer goods. Drivers allegedly paid off representatives of the security services, state fiscal services, national police and others they encountered at various checkpoints. Hide Footnote This Fantom member said the illicit Prostitutes Bakhmut lost some of Prostitutes Bakhmut appeal as units like his became more effective, but never ceased entirely. Some smugglers started using vans and cars to avoid detection.

Hide Footnote Smuggling declined but still remained conspicuous at places like the pedestrian crossing of Stanytsia Luhanska, fuelling the broad conviction that various authorities security personnel, local administrators or both were getting Prostitutes Bakhmut cut. These advances reportedly secured negligible strategic benefit. Several interlocutors with military ties believed the purpose was to limit smuggling. According to them, units composed of former volunteer battalions that had been integrated into the National Guard advanced on their own initiative, driven by the desire to crack down on those trading with the enemy.

Hide Footnote Others suspect that some units simply wanted a share of the trade. Regardless of their motivation, these operations prompted fresh bursts of displacement and injury, harming civilians. Hide Footnote In some cases, they produced new limitations on civilian movement and took away a source of livelihood from front-line dwellers who, having lost their pre-war means of generating income, relied on cross-line buying and selling of goods.

While opportunities for illicit trade may have declined since their peak, Kyiv took several steps starting in mid to ease legal and practical limits on conducting commerce across the line of separation. Authorities renovated the damaged Stanytsia Luhanska bridge, the sole crossing point Prostitutes Bakhmut km of the front line, which is also pedestrian-only.

In December, Kyiv loosened restrictions on cross-line movement of goods, replacing a list of Prostitutes Bakhmut items with an exhaustive list of prohibited ones. It Prostitutes Bakhmut lifted its previous weight limit of 75kg in goods per person, in effect allowing for cross-line trade in bulk, although the other side did not necessarily reciprocate.

With the COVIDrelated closure of crossing facilities, this form of commerce came largely to a halt. While, on the whole, full, bilateral easing of restrictions and opening of crossings stand to benefit front-line communities, they also create some concerns that will need to Prostitutes Bakhmut managed.

On the government-controlled side of the line, Prostitutes Bakhmut fear that large businesses will move in — drawn by new commercial opportunities — and squeeze out local traders.

Hide Footnote This anxiety is particularly Prostitutes Bakhmut in Donetsk oblast, which has four motor crossings, as opposed to Luhansk with its single footbridge at Stanytsia. In addition, as the authorities make plans to open Luhansk motor crossings at both Zolote and Shchastya, some Prostitutes Bakhmut residents express Prostitutes Bakhmut that their town could turn into a hub not just for desirable legal business, but also for illegal trade and bribe-taking along the lines of what has happened at Stanytsia.

Hide Footnote Recommendations for addressing these concerns are discussed below. Like their neighbours across the line, residents of separatist-held areas have partially adjusted to the new war economy, but their new normal is one of dire stagnation. Broken links with government-controlled areas have forced the statelets to orient what remains of their industries toward Russia, whose market is less interested in what they produce.

The result is mass unemployment, with Russian subsidies and Ukrainian pensions filling the gaps. If industries in government-controlled Donbas have managed to compensate for some of the markets and supply chains lost as a result of the conflict, it has been much more difficult to do so in the statelets, where businesses face logistical, legal and economic barriers Prostitutes Bakhmut another magnitude.

Even businesses in Russia and Belarus cannot legally work with counterparts in statelets that their own governments do not recognise, although neither Prostitutes Bakhmut nor Prostitutes Bakhmut imposes legal penalties on companies that ignore the prohibition. Many, however, do not wish to run afoul of Western sanctions on the de facto authorities.

Inpolitically connected businesses in the breakaways started working around this dilemma by conducting financial transactions through Abkhazia and South Ossetia, two other post-Soviet de facto statelets that have the advantage of being recognised by Russia.

Hide Footnote Yet these schemes are mostly for high-level smuggling of industrial goods, not for the average small or medium-sized trader. Hide Footnote Such grey imports from Russia and Belarus are the source of many consumer products.

The dairy industry presents a valuable illustration of the problems businesses in the de facto republics face. Even before the trade cessation, limits on cross-line shipments led to scarcities in consumer goods as well as production drops in some industries. Pre-war milk processing in Donbas had been concentrated in areas that are now under separatist control. In the winter ofDPR authorities reported milk shortages throughout their de facto Prostitutes Bakhmut.

As Russian producers could not legally ship their products into the unrecognised Prostitutes Bakhmut, staff at the Donetsk city plant drove each morning to the Russian border to meet them and fill up their tubs with the raw milk that they then processed. Hide Footnote As Russian raw milk was and still is costlier than its Ukrainian counterpart, such schemes inevitably increased prices.

Hide Footnote Today, while milk shortages have disappeared, this price differential largely remains Prostitutes Bakhmut place.

Official Russian statistics suggest that deals struck to keep milk and other food products flowing to the statelets have been a gift to some Russian producers. According to various investigative reports, separatist-held territories accounted for these imports, with major meat processing plants in both statelets using supplies from Russia. Per an early news report, the number of firms specialising in bulk sales there had doubled in the past two years towhile the number of companies specialising in transportation of Prostitutes Bakhmut had also risen per cent to Prostitutes Bakhmut affection may not go both Prostitutes Bakhmut, however, with statelet residents complaining that food products from across the border fall far short of those from Ukraine and often appear to be poor-quality items unloaded by firms on consumers with little choice.

Hide Footnote Exports fell to 8. Bulk sellers tend to operate outside the formal economy and therefore pay no taxes. Some Russian officials believe that they should legalise trade with the statelets in order to open it up to legal business and taxation. Yet reintegration would also ensure that those firms that could compete for the Donetsk and Luhansk markets could do so legally.

Prior to the trade cessation, Ukrainian-registered industrial entities were still the major employers in the statelets. After the blockade, Russia Prostitutes Bakhmut its proxies gained the opportunity — or, as the case may be, burden — of keeping these entities functioning and their workers employed and paid.

Coal lay at the crux of the problem. De facto authorities now had over 60 mines to manage, although many had already stopped work and been left to flood when hostilities began. As for those still functioning, the statelets had lost access to the Prostitutes Bakhmut and heating plants across the front line that depended on their product.

Moscow now had to navigate a competing set of interests. On one hand, it was keen for the statelets both to avoid economic collapse and to become more economically self-sufficient so that it could spend less of its own budget on their upkeep. To that end, it wanted to help them sell their products. There, together with metallurgy, coal is the economic mainstay of an otherwise depressed area. But the Kuzbas coal industry was already approaching crisis bywith production surpluses and falling global demand.

Hide Footnote Prostitutes Bakhmut short, Donbas coal was one of the last things that many Russian officials or consumers needed or wanted around. On 14 MarchZakharchenko announced the first shipments of 95 wagons of coal across the Russian border. The first hurdle proved easier to clear than the second: Prostitutes Bakhmut April, the DPR leadership issued a decree inaugurating a new company, Vneshtorgservis VTSthat would manage coal and metallurgy assets, and the marketing and export of product.

Hide Footnote The company was registered in South Ossetia. Investigative journalists and anti-corruption activists have explored the resulting schemes extensively in English-language, Ukrainian, Russian, Prostitutes Bakhmut and Polish publications, and D-TEK staff corroborate the general picture, if not Prostitutes Bakhmut details. Hide Footnote The schemes are reported to work roughly as follows. It is then shipped abroad from two ports in Rostov oblast.

Some reports also Prostitutes Bakhmut it moving by rail farther west via Belarus, or through Abkhazia. Hide Footnote Through such schemes, some coal originating in the statelets has almost certainly found its way to government-controlled Prostitutes Bakhmut, which, following the blockade, increased imports of Russian anthracite — meaning that Ukraine has probably bought its own coal from Russia.

Hide Footnote Firms registered in Switzerland and other tax havens all reportedly play bit parts in these schemes. In Decemberthe website Delo. The company stated that it dealt only with Russian coal from the Kuzbas basin. Hide Footnote The August assassination of Aleksandr Zakharchenko may or may not have been an element of this consolidation.

Ultimately, neither consolidation nor the sophisticated smuggling schemes detailed above could turn Donbas coal into a Prostitutes Bakhmut commodity. The one country that had depended on it, Ukraine, still needed some but had partly moved its thermoelectric power stations to gas coal, which is dirtier but readily available in government-controlled territory. Hide Footnote Moreover, VTS has aroused the ire of miners and local officials Prostitutes Bakhmut to its alleged chronic non-payment of salaries, as well as running up large debts for the product itself.

Hide Footnote A project billed as a means of saving jobs and making the statelets self-sufficient appears instead to be viewed by many residents as something that left them even worse off. By the spring ofas COVID ravaged economies and drove down fossil fuel usage worldwide, some economists were asking whether coal had a future — not just in Donbas, but at all. In Maythe de facto heads of both statelets announced that VTS-run enterprises in their jurisdictions would be closed, with others consolidated into a new, dramatically streamlined holding.

Hide Footnote The move looks like a virtual admission of what many workers had long since realised — that these Prostitutes Bakhmut heralded as part of an industrial Prostitutes Bakhmut to Russia were unlikely to deliver much besides disappointment. It also includes some skilled industrial Prostitutes Bakhmut, many of whom have sought work in Poland or Russia. The remaining working-age population is largely faced with an unsavoury set of options: grinding poverty, grey market work or jobs in the de facto civil, security and military structures.

Low salaries in the statelets are a sore point, both for residents and their de facto leaders. Average monthly salaries in the statelets also compare poorly with those across the line. Hide Footnote They did so in separate but nearly Prostitutes Bakhmut and identical statements, suggesting coordination with the Kremlin.

Investigative journalists began reporting at the time that authorities were placing industrial workers on unpaid leave en masse and preventing them from exiting the Prostitutes Bakhmut.

Experts and residents offered various explanations for the unpaid leave policy. The law presumes defendants are innocent, and they cannot be legally compelled to testify or confess, although high conviction rates called into question the legal presumption of innocence. Defendants have the right to be informed promptly and in detail of the charges against them, with interpretation as Prostitutes Bakhmut to a public trial without undue delay; to be present at their trial, to communicate privately with an attorney of their choice or one provided at public expense ; and to have adequate time Prostitutes Bakhmut facilities to prepare a defense.

The law Prostitutes Bakhmut allows defendants to confront witnesses against them, to present witnesses and evidence, and the right to appeal. Trials are open to the public, but some judges prohibited media from observing Prostitutes Bakhmut. While trials must start no later than three weeks after charges are filed, prosecutors seldom met this requirement. Human rights groups reported officials occasionally monitored meetings between defense attorneys and their clients.

There were reports of a small number of individuals that some human rights groups considered to be political prisoners. Muravytsky was charged with state treason, infringement of territorial integrity, incitement of hatred, and support for terrorist organizations based on statements some deemed pro-Russian.

According to the SBU, he could face up to 15 years of imprisonment. On June Prostitutes Bakhmut, a higher court overturned a July appeals court decision reversing the May conviction of Ivano-Frankivsk blogger Ruslan Kotsaba. Kotsaba had been sentenced to Prostitutes Bakhmut years in prison on charges that he had impeded the work of the armed Prostitutes Bakhmut with his calls to ignore the military draft.

Authorities arrested Prostitutes Bakhmut inand human rights groups deemed him a political prisoner. An inefficient and corrupt judicial system limited the right of redress. Individuals may also file a collective legal challenge to legislation they believe may violate basic rights and freedoms.

Individuals may appeal to the human rights ombudsman at any time and to the ECHR after exhausting domestic Prostitutes Bakhmut remedies. The constitution prohibits such actions, but there were reports authorities generally did not respect the prohibitions. By law the Prostitutes Bakhmut may not conduct surveillance or searches without a court-issued warrant.

In practice, however, Prostitutes Bakhmut enforcement agencies sometimes conducted searches without a proper warrant. In an emergency authorities may initiate a search without prior court approval, but they must seek Prostitutes Bakhmut approval immediately after the investigation begins. Citizens have the right to examine any Prostitutes Bakhmut in the possession of the SBU that concerns them; they have Prostitutes Bakhmut right to recover losses resulting from an investigation.

Because there was no implementing legislation, authorities generally did not respect these rights, and many citizens were not aware of their rights or that authorities had violated their privacy.

There were some reports that the government had accessed private communications and monitored private movements without appropriate legal authority. For example, on October 20, journalist Oleksandr Chernovalov filed a complaint with the police alleging the government had conducted illegal surveillance on him.

The Darnytsia Prostitutes Bakhmut police in Kyiv launched an investigation, which remained underway. The Russian government controlled the level of violence in eastern Ukraine, intensifying the conflict when it suited its political interests, while largely ignoring the ceasefire and subsequent attempts to reestablish the ceasefire agreed to by all sides. Russia continued to arm, train, lead, and Prostitutes Bakhmut alongside some Ukrainians, and Russia-led forces throughout the conflict methodically obstructed and threatened international monitors, who do not have the access necessary Prostitutes Bakhmut record systematically ceasefire Prostitutes Bakhmut or abuses committed by Russia-led forces.

As of September 20, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe OSCE fielded Prostitutes Bakhmut, persons supporting a special monitoring mission SMMwhich issued daily reports on the situation and Prostitutes Bakhmut in most major cities. As of mid-August, the HRMMU reported that fighting had killed at least 10, persons in Ukraine, including civilians, government armed forces, Prostitutes Bakhmut members of armed groups.

This figure included the passengers and crew on board Malaysian Airlines flight MH, which was shot down in over the Donbas region. In addition since the start of the conflict, more than three million residents have left areas of Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts controlled by Russia-led forces.

As of October 31, the Ministry of Social Policy had registered 1. The media and human rights groups continued to report widespread abuses in areas held by Russia-led forces. Killings : There Prostitutes Bakhmut reports of extrajudicial killings by both Ukrainian and Russian-led forces. It is of concern, however, that superiors who may have ordered or concealed crimes have not Prostitutes Bakhmut to justice.

Authorities in March detained an Prostitutes Bakhmut officer suspected of committing the killing but later released him on bail. According to the HRMMU, a young man who made his living carrying luggage for people travelling across the line of contact in Stanytsia Luhanska left for work on April 27 and Prostitutes Bakhmut returned.

In early May his family saw a media report stating his body was found in Luhansk, an area controlled by armed groups. According to the death certificate, the man died of trauma to his head, limbs, and organs.

Prostitutes Bakhmut in. Monitoring of operation of consulate offices of the EU member states and their visa procedure for Ukrainian citizens by polling. Phone numbers of Hookers in Bakhmut (UA). Bakhmut had stayed outside government-controlled Prostitutes Bakhmut for more than 60 days.

The HRMMU also regularly noted concerns about the dangers to civilians from landmines and other explosive devices near checkpoints see below. As of August 15, the public database of the National Police of Ukraine listed 1, individuals Prostitutes Bakhmut had gone missing in the conflict zone since mid-April According to human rights groups, approximately 1, bodies in government-controlled cemeteries and morgues, both military and civilian, remained unidentified as a result of fighting, mostly from Abductions : Government forces, Russia-led forces, and criminal elements engaged in abductions.

The HRMMU reported a pattern of arbitrary and incommunicado detention by government law enforcement bodies mainly by the SBU and by military and paramilitary units, primarily by the former volunteer battalions now formally incorporated into the security services. For example, in May a woman in Mariupol was lured to an Azov battalion position, blindfolded, and transported to an unknown destination. Men hit her and threatened to bury her if she did Prostitutes Bakhmut cooperate.

Perpetrators then informed the police they had captured a member of an armed group. Police interrogated the woman without a Prostitutes Bakhmut, and she signed a document incriminating herself as a member of the armed group. One officer left and the other locked the door and ordered her to undress for a physical examination.

He photographed her scars and tattoos without any explanation. SBU officers then took her to her residence and held her there for Prostitutes Bakhmut days. They then brought the woman to court, where an SBU officer punched her twice in the stomach in Prostitutes Bakhmut corridor. Prostitutes Bakhmut rights groups reported that Russia-led forces routinely kidnapped persons for political purposes, to settle vendettas, or for ransom.

Prostitutes Bakhmut, Skank in Ukraine. Answering to this constantly in the last 5 years, Ukrainian activists several times gathered for demonstrations in. Prostitutes Bakhmut in. Monitoring of operation of consulate offices of the EU member states and their visa procedure for Ukrainian citizens by polling.

The HRMMU documented Prostitutes Bakhmut of enforced disappearances in territories controlled by armed groups, including many cases in which individuals were held incommunicado for more than a month.

He was abducted in January allegedly in retaliation for his pro-Ukrainian postings on social media. In early June, Prostitutes Bakhmut forces kidnapped Donetsk journalist Stanislav Aseyev pen name Vasin and accused him of espionage. The charge carries a sentence of 12 to 14 years in prison see section 2. Physical Abuse, Punishment, and Torture : Both government and Russia-led forces reportedly abused and tortured civilians and soldiers in detention facilities.

Reported abuses included beatings, physical and psychological torture, mock executions, sexual Prostitutes Bakhmut, deprivation of food and water, refusal of medical care, and forced labor. In government-controlled territory, the HRMMU recorded several cases of interrogation techniques that could amount to torture, including mock executions and use of electric shocks. The HRMMU stated it suspected such cases were underreported Prostitutes Bakhmut victims often remained in detention or were afraid to report abuse due Prostitutes Bakhmut fear Prostitutes Bakhmut retaliation or lack of trust in the justice system.

According to the HRMMU, in April police detained two men in Bakhmut and took them to a location outside the town, where one was held for three days and the other for one day incommunicado. Both were tortured, subjected to electric shocks Prostitutes Bakhmut the genitals, and questioned about their participation in illegal armed groups in Both victims were then transferred to a pretrial detention facility and charged with participation in an armed group.

There were reports that Russia-led forces Prostitutes Bakhmut committed numerous abuses, Prostitutes Bakhmut torture, in the territories under their control. According to international organizations and NGOs, abuses included beatings, forced labor, psychological and physical torture, public humiliation, and sexual violence. International organizations were refused access to places of deprivation of liberty in territory controlled by Russia-led armed groups and were therefore not able to assess fully the conditions of detention facilities.

In September the PGO stated that law enforcement authorities were investigating cases of torture of Ukrainian citizens by Russia-led forces.

These include the aforementioned requirement that recipients formally reside in areas Kyiv controls, as well as regulations limiting the amount of back pay the state owes if pensions are cut off for an extended period.

During one interrogation session, interrogators dislocated one of her Prostitutes Bakhmut with a pair of pliers and threatened to move her to a basement with male detainees. On July 29, they returned her to the same checkpoint on the government-controlled side. Luhansk Oblast police opened an investigation into the case.

According to the Justice for Peace in Donbas human rights coalition, individuals held in illegal detention facilities in territories controlled by Russia-led forces reported cases of gender-based violence, in particular rape, attempted Prostitutes Bakhmut, sexual abuse, forced nudity, sterilization, and torture focused on genitals. Conflict-related gender-based violence against men was almost as regular and widespread as against women; 92 men and women were victims of sexual violence documented by the coalition.

Both sides employed land mines without fencing, signs, or other measures Prostitutes Bakhmut prevent civilian casualties. In June the HRMMU reported that the presence of a large number of mines and unexploded ordnance in areas close to the contact line in Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts continued to pose a serious threat to civilians.

In September the OSCE reported that, of the total civilian casualties resulting from the conflict in eastern Ukraine in26 percent were caused by land mines and unexploded ordnance. Prostitutes Bakhmut risks were particularly acute for persons living in towns and settlements near the contact line as well as for the approximately 25, persons who crossed the contact line daily. The explosion killed an Prostitutes Bakhmut medic on patrol Prostitutes Bakhmut the SMM and injured two foreign monitors.

The next day in Fashchivka, Luhansk Oblast, a tractor detonated a land mine killing three civilians. In mid-August they reported mines and ordnance killed 27 persons and injured 62 civilians since the start of the year. Other Conflict-related Abuse : On September 20, the Netherlands, Australia, Belgium, Malaysia, and Ukraine signed a Prostitutes Bakhmut reiterating their political support and commitment to cooperate in an investigation of the downing of Malaysian Airlines flight 17 in Donbas.

In September a team of prosecutors from the Netherlands, Australia, Belgium, Prostitutes Bakhmut, and Ukraine presented the results of their investigation into the crash. The Dutch-led investigation concluded that the surface-to-air missile system used to shoot down the airliner over Ukraine, killing all persons on board, was brought in from Russia at the request of Russia-led forces and returned Prostitutes Bakhmut Russia the same night.

The report largely confirmed the already widely documented role of the Russian government in the deployment of the missile system, a Buk or SA, and the subsequent cover-up.

In government authorities introduced measures to expedite the delivery of humanitarian aid to Prostitutes Bakhmut controlled by Russia-led forces. Russia-led forces in Donetsk Oblast, however, sharply restricted government humanitarian aid as well as aid from international humanitarian organizations. As a result persons remaining in territories held by Russia-led forces experienced large price increases for everyday consumables, especially meat and fresh vegetables.

Human rights groups also reported severe shortages of medicine, coal, and medical supplies Prostitutes Bakhmut territory not controlled by the government. Prostitutes Bakhmut constitution and law provide for freedom of expression, including for members Prostitutes Bakhmut the press. Authorities did not always respect these rights, however.

Other problematic practices continued to affect media freedom, including self-censorship, so-called jeansa payments publishing unsubstantiated news articles for a feeand slanted news coverage by media whose owners had close ties to the government or opposition political parties. In the Donbas region, Russia-led forces suppressed freedom of speech and the press through harassment, intimidation, abductions, and assaults on journalists and media outlets.

They also prevented the transmission of Ukrainian and independent television and radio programming in areas under their control. Freedom of Expression : With some exceptions, individuals in Prostitutes Bakhmut under government control could generally criticize Prostitutes Bakhmut government publicly and privately and discuss matters of public interest without Prostitutes Bakhmut of official reprisal. The law criminalizes the display of communist and Nazi symbols.

According to Amnesty International, during a public demonstration on May 9 in Dnipro, several marchers were arrested for carrying Prostitutes Bakhmut symbols. Several media reports indicated authorities subsequently fined individuals carrying these symbols. Independent media and internet news sites were active and expressed a wide range of views. The 10 most popular television stations were owned by businessmen whose primary business was not in media.

Independent Prostitutes Bakhmut had difficulty competing with major outlets that operated with oligarchic subsidies. As of December 1, IMI recorded cases of alleged violations of freedom of press Prostitutes Bakhmut with cases for the same Prostitutes Bakhmut of The practice of jeansa continued Prostitutes Bakhmut be widespread.

According to IMI press monitoring, as of September, the highest proportion of jeansa in regional media occurred in print outlets in Zaporizhzhia and Mykolaiv Oblasts, where 16 percent and 15 percent of articles, respectively, were political or commercial jeansa.

Violence and Harassment : Violence against journalists remained a problem. Human rights groups and journalists criticized government inaction in solving these crimes, giving rise to a culture of impunity.

According to IMI, as of December 1, there were 27 reports of attacks Prostitutes Bakhmut journalists, compared with 29 cases during the same period in As inprivate, rather than state, actors perpetrated the majority of the attacks.

As of November 1, there were 37 incidents involving threats against journalists, down from 38 during the same period in IMI and editors of major independent news outlets also noted online harassment of journalists by societal actors, reflecting a growing societal intolerance of reporting deemed insufficiently patriotic, a development they asserted had the tacit support of the Prostitutes Bakhmut.

On July 14, law enforcement officials searched the Kyiv office Prostitutes Bakhmut Vesti media, which observers alleged to have a pro-Russian bias and beneficial owners. According to the company, the search lasted 16 hours, during which time operations of its website and radio station were blocked. According to the chief military prosecutor, the search related to an embezzlement case involving former revenues and taxes minister Oleksandr Klymenko. Authorities asserted that money Klymenko allegedly stole under tax-evasion schemes was used to finance the Vesti media holding company.

Journalists wrote an open letter to the president, the prime minister, and other government Prostitutes Bakhmut, stating they considered the search a violation of civil liberties and press freedom, and an attempt to harass and intimidate journalists. On June 22, Ihor Huzhva, the editor in chief of the Prostitutes Bakhmut outlet strana.

A member of the parliament, Dmytro Linko, alleged that Huzhva had demanded money from him. On June 27, Huzhva was released on bail. There were no developments during the year in the July killing of well-known journalist Pavel Sheremet, who hosted a Prostitutes Bakhmut show on Vesti radio and worked for the Ukrainska Pravda online news outlet see section 1.

On June 27, the investigation of the killing of Oles Busyna, who was killed in allegedly by members of a right-wing political Prostitutes Bakhmut, was completed and referred to a court for trial. Court hearings against two suspects were underway as of September. There were multiple Prostitutes Bakhmut of attacks on journalists investigating government corruption.

For example, on February 12, a car belonging to Serhiy Guz, editor in chief of the news website The journalist linked the attack to his professional activity and critical reporting on local authorities. Police opened an investigation. Censorship or Content Restrictions : IMI recorded six incidents of censorship of individual publications. The government at times banned or restricted media content on vague grounds.

Both independent and Prostitutes Bakhmut media periodically engaged in self-censorship when reporting stories that might expose political allies to criticism or that might be perceived by the public as insufficiently patriotic or provide information that could be Prostitutes Bakhmut for Russian propaganda. A law adopted by the parliament on May 23 obligates television channels to broadcast at least 75 percent of their content in the Ukrainian language as of October While the law limits the monetary damages a plaintiff can claim in a lawsuit, local media observers continued to express concern over high monetary damages awarded for alleged libel.

National Security : Authorities took measures to prohibit, regulate, and occasionally censor information deemed a national security threat. The government continued Prostitutes Bakhmut practice of banning specific works by pro-Russian actors, film directors, and singers, as well as imposing sanctions on pro-Russian journalists. According to the head of the State Film Agency, Phylyp Ilienko, as of mid-September, more than films and television shows had been banned on national security grounds since August The government continued to block Russian television channels from broadcasting in the country, based on a decision by the National Television and Prostitutes Bakhmut Broadcasting Council taken to counter the perceived dangerous influence of Russian propaganda.

On January 12, the National Television and Radio Broadcasting Council did not renew the independent Russian television channel Dozhd because it recognized Crimea as part of Russia rather than Ukraine, in violation of Ukrainian law.

Dozhd remained available by satellite and internet. According to the head of the National Television and Radio Broadcasting Council, as of November 2, the council had issued 23 warnings to Ukrainian cable providers for violating the ban on certain Russian channels. Media professionals continued to experience pressure from the SBU and the armed forces when reporting on sensitive issues, such as military losses. The editorial Prostitutes Bakhmut then presented SBU with an official letter of complaint.

The SBU thereafter called the Prostitutes Bakhmut outlet to apologize and, on September 20, initiated an internal probe into alleged pressure on journalists. Authorities continued to deport and bar entry to foreign journalists in retaliation for their coverage of the conflict in eastern Ukraine. On August 25, the SBU barred two Spanish journalists from entering the country over Prostitutes Bakhmut coverage of the conflict in eastern Ukraine.

Kurbatova was expelled and banned from the country for three years for allegedly engaging in anti-Ukrainian propaganda. Nongovernmental Impact : Russia-led forces in eastern areas of the country harassed, arbitrarily detained, and mistreated journalists see section 1. Law enforcement bodies monitored the internet, at times without appropriate legal authority, and took significant steps during the year to ban major Russian-sourced news and social media sites. On Prostitutes Bakhmut 17, the president signed Decreerequiring internet providers to block access for Prostitutes Bakhmut years to the Russian social networks VKontakte and Odnoklassniki, the email service Mail.

Some observers questioned the legality of the measure, noting that the law does not allow blocking access to sites without a court decision. In its Prostitutes Bakhmut Freedom on the Net report published in November, Freedom House concluded that internet freedom had deteriorated for the second year in a row.

Meanwhile, separatist forces in the east have stepped up efforts to block content online perceived to be in support of Ukrainian government or cultural identity. There were several reports of government restrictions on academic freedom or cultural events.

The Prostitutes Bakhmut was allegedly to investigate the so-called Artemenko peace plan, which lawyer Andriy Artemenko had presented publicly. The plan suggested formally surrendering Crimea to the Russian Federation for a long-term lease. The constitution provides for the freedoms of peaceful assembly and association, and the government generally respected these rights. The constitution provides for the freedom of peaceful Prostitutes Bakhmut, and Prostitutes Bakhmut government generally respected this right.

There are no laws, however, regulating the process of organizing and conducting events to provide for the right, and authorities have wide discretion Prostitutes Bakhmut a Soviet-era directive to grant or refuse permission for assemblies on grounds of protecting public order and safety. Organizers are required to inform authorities in advance of plans for protests or demonstrations. During the year citizens generally exercised the right to assemble peacefully without restriction in Prostitutes Bakhmut of the country under government control.

Most assemblies were peaceful and at times accompanied by a very large police presence to maintain order. Smaller demonstrations suffered from insufficient Prostitutes Bakhmut and protection by police, especially those organized by persons belonging to minority groups or opposition political movements.

There were some reports of violence at lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex LGBTI events during the year, although police protection for such events was Prostitutes Bakhmut consistent than in previous years. Police failed to prevent a Prostitutes Bakhmut attack Prostitutes Bakhmut individuals participating in a person Equality March in Zaporizhzhia on September 30 which resulted in several injuries requiring hospitalization.

Police arrived later and detained several individuals. Victory Day commemoration Prostitutes Bakhmut on May 9 were generally peaceful, although skirmishes marred some, including in Dnipro, Kharkiv, Kyiv, Odesa, and Zaporizhzhia. The skirmishes resulted in bodily injuries to 32 persons and the detention of Police opened 19 criminal proceedings as a result. The constitution and law provide for freedom of association, and the government generally respected this right.

Human rights groups and international organizations sharply criticized a law signed by the president on March 28 that introduces vague and burdensome asset-reporting requirements for civil society organizations and journalists working on anticorruption matters. According to the HRMMU, in the territories controlled by Russia-led forces, domestic and international civil society organizations, including human rights defenders, could not operate freely.

If human rights groups attempted to work in those areas, they faced significant harassment and intimidation. The HRMMU also noted an increase in civil society organizations run by the armed groups, which appeared to require certain persons, such as public-sector employees, to join.

The constitution and law provide citizens with freedom of internal movement, foreign travel, emigration, Prostitutes Bakhmut repatriation. The government, however, restricted these rights, particularly in the eastern Prostitutes Bakhmut of the country near the zone of conflict.

There were Prostitutes Bakhmut that officials engaged in politically motivated deportations without adherence to Prostitutes Bakhmut process. For example, on October 21, officials deported four Prostitutes Bakhmut citizens whose residence permits had been cancelled, according to the State Migration Service. Human Rights Ombudsman Valeriya Lutkovska Prostitutes Bakhmut the deportations Prostitutes Bakhmut without the required court warrants. Some human rights groups claimed Prostitutes Bakhmut men were hooded and beaten during the deportation process and alleged they were targeted because of their ties to opposition figure Mikhail Saakashvili.

The government cooperated with UNHCR and other humanitarian organizations in providing protection and assistance to IDPs, refugees, returning refugees, asylum Prostitutes Bakhmut, stateless persons, and other persons of concern.

Prostitutes Bakhmut, Skank in Donetsk

International and domestic organizations reported the system for protecting asylum seekers, stateless persons, and other persons of concern did not operate Prostitutes Bakhmut. Abuse of Migrants, Refugees, and Stateless Persons : Authorities frequently detained asylum seekers for extended periods without court approval.

Prostitutes Bakhmut Movement : The government and Russia-led forces strictly controlled movement between government-controlled areas and Prostitutes Bakhmut in the Donbas region controlled by Russia-led forces. Crossing the contact line remained arduous. Public passenger transportation remained prohibited. While five crossing points existed, only four were in operation for much of the year. People formed long lines at all operating transit corridors and Prostitutes Bakhmut to wait for up to 36 hours with no or limited access to water, medical aid, toilets, and shelter in case of shelling or extreme weather.

Individuals who frequently crossed the line complained of corruption on both sides of the line of contact. In the SBU introduced a pass system involving an online application process to control movement into government-controlled territory.

Human rights groups were concerned that Prostitutes Bakhmut persons in non-government-controlled territory did not have access to the internet to obtain Prostitutes Bakhmut passes. The order imposed significant hardships on persons crossing into government-controlled territory, in particular those who Prostitutes Bakhmut to receive pensions and government benefits, which were not distributed in the territory controlled by Russia-led forces.

On April 14, the government amended the temporary Prostitutes Bakhmut regulating movement of individuals across the Prostitutes Bakhmut of contact so that crossing permits no longer expire and residents of territory adjacent to the line of contact on the government-controlled Prostitutes Bakhmut do not need a permit to cross.

The HRMMU repeatedly voiced concern over reports of corruption by checkpoint personnel on both sides, including demands for bribes or goods in exchange for easing passage across the line of contact. Russia-led forces continued to hinder freedom of movement in the eastern part of the country. The government and Russian occupation authorities subjected individuals crossing between Russian-occupied Crimea and the mainland to strict passport controls at the administrative boundary between the Kherson Oblast and Crimea.

Authorities prohibited rail and commercial bus service across the administrative boundary, requiring persons either to cross Prostitutes Bakhmut foot or by private vehicle. Long lines and insufficient access to toilets, shelter, and potable water remained prevalent. Civil society, journalists, Prostitutes Bakhmut independent defense lawyers continued to maintain that the government placed significant barriers to their entry to Crimea, including months-long processes to obtain required permissions, thereby complicating their ability to document and address abuses taking place there.

According to the Ministry of Social Policy, as of September 15, more than 1. Some NGOs and international organizations estimated the number to be lower, since some persons returned to their homes after registering as Prostitutes Bakhmut, while others registered while still living in the Prostitutes Bakhmut zone.

The largest number of IDPs resided in areas immediately adjoining the conflict zones, in government-controlled areas of Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts, as well as in the Kharkiv, Prostitutes Bakhmut, and Zaporizhzhya Oblasts. Many resided in areas close to the line of contact in hope they would be able to return home. The government granted social entitlements only to those individuals who had registered as IDPs. According to the law, the government Prostitutes Bakhmut provide IDPs with housing, but authorities did not take effective steps to do so.

Humanitarian aid groups had good access to areas under government control. In its June report, the HRMMU stated that in March it received information that local departments of the Ministry of Social Policy had received lists of persons registered as IDPs who allegedly had stayed outside government-controlled territory for more than 60 days. A similar verification process initiated in February created Prostitutes Bakhmut problems for IDPs, reportedly forcing some to return to territories controlled by Russia-led forces.

The suspensions affected the majority of IDP residents in government-controlled territory, Prostitutes Bakhmut well as most residents of areas under the control of Russia-led forces; effects were especially acute for the elderly and disabled, whose limited mobility hindered their ability to verify whether they were included in the lists or to prove their residency.

The government often suspended payments without notification, and IDPs reported problems having them reinstated. According to research conducted by the International Organization for Migration IOM59 percent Prostitutes Bakhmut surveyed IDP households relied on government support as one of their main sources of income. More than 20 percent of IDP Prostitutes Bakhmut indicated their Prostitutes Bakhmut payments had been suspended. Local civil society organizations and international humanitarian organizations provided the bulk of assistance for IDPs on a temporary basis.

UN agencies Prostitutes Bakhmut the influx of IDPs led to tensions arising from competition for scarce resources. Critics accused internally displaced men who moved to western areas of the country of evading military service, while competition rose for housing, Prostitutes Bakhmut, and educational opportunities in Kyiv and Lviv.

A shortage of employment opportunities and the generally weak economy particularly affected IDPs, forcing many to live in inadequate housing, such as collective centers and other temporary accommodations. Other IDPs stayed with host families, volunteers, and in private accommodations, although affordable private accommodations were often in poor condition.

Some IDPs, particularly those in government-controlled areas of Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts, lacked sufficient sanitation, shelter, and access to potable water. IDPs continued to have difficulty obtaining education, medical care, and necessary documents. Romani activists expressed concern that some Roma in eastern areas could not afford to flee conflict areas, while others had no choice but to leave their homes.

In the Kyiv Administrative Court of Appeal overturned a National Bank decision that Crimean IDPs were nonresidents, which had restricted access to banking and financial services for those fleeing the Russian occupation. Nonetheless, media reports indicated that banks continued to restrict banking services for Crimean IDPs even after the court decision. Refoulement : The government did not provide for protection against the expulsion or return of asylum seekers to a country where there was reason to believe Prostitutes Bakhmut lives or freedom would be threatened on account of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.

Human rights groups noted the law offers legal protection against forcible return. Access to Asylum : The law provides for asylum or refugee status, and the government has established a legal Prostitutes Bakhmut to protect refugees.

Protection for refugees and asylum seekers was insufficient due to gaps Prostitutes Bakhmut the law and the system of implementation. The country is a transit and destination Prostitutes Bakhmut for asylum seekers and refugees, principally from Afghanistan, the Russian Federation, Somalia, Syria, Iraq, and Afghanistan. Human rights groups noted that the refugee law falls short of international standards due to its restrictive definition of a refugee.

The law permits authorities to reject many asylum applications without a thorough case assessment. In other instances government officials declined Prostitutes Bakhmut accept initial asylum applications without a legal basis, leaving asylum seekers without Prostitutes Bakhmut and vulnerable to frequent police stops, fines, detention, and Prostitutes Bakhmut. Asylum seekers in detention centers were sometimes unable to apply for refugee status within the prescribed time Prostitutes Bakhmut and had limited access to legal and other assistance.

Asylum seekers have five days to appeal an order of detention or deportation. A lack of access Prostitutes Bakhmut qualified interpreters also hampered the full range of asylum procedures. International observers noted the government did not provide resources for interpreters, which created opportunities for corruption and undermined the fairness of asylum application procedures.

Prostitutes Bakhmut : Authorities did not provide employment assistance, and most asylum seekers were unable to obtain a work permit as required by law. Authorities provided language instruction for asylum seekers only in Kyiv, Kharkiv, and Odesa, although some local NGOs Prostitutes Bakhmut that the instruction was provided by NGOs. Some asylum seekers worked illegally, increasing their risk of exploitation.

Access to Basic Services : The national plan on the integration of refugees adopted by the government did not allocate resources for its implementation. Human rights groups reported that authorities did not provide social and economic support or language classes to asylum Prostitutes Bakhmut or assist them.

However, some reports indicated the government did not always provide payment. Temporary accommodation centers had a reception capacity of According to the State Prostitutes Bakhmut Service, refugees and those seeking complementary protection could receive residence registration at homeless shelters for up to Prostitutes Bakhmut months.

UNHCR noted a lack of educational programs and vocational activities for those in detention for extended periods. Many Prostitutes Bakhmut had to rely on informal networks for food, shelter, and other needs and remained vulnerable to Prostitutes Bakhmut, trafficking, and other forms of exploitation.

According to law, a person may acquire citizenship by birth, territorial origin, naturalization, restored citizenship, and adoption. According to Prostitutes Bakhmut, approximately 36, persons in the country were either stateless or at risk of statelessness in These included Roma, homeless persons, current and former prisoners, and persons over 50 who never obtained a Ukrainian personal identification document after the fall of the Soviet Union and are no longer able to obtain one. According to the State Migration Service, as Prostitutes Bakhmut September Prostitutes Bakhmut, there were 4, stateless persons residing in the country.

On July Prostitutes Bakhmut, the government issued a decree revoking the citizenship of opposition politician Mikhail Saakashvili, who had been granted citizenship in and who was not in Ukraine when the decree was issued. While some politicians and human rights organizations questioned the move, calling it politically motivated, Prostitutes Bakhmut government asserted a legal basis for the decision, stating Saakashvili had knowingly made false statements in his citizenship application.

The law requires establishing identity through a court procedure, which demanded more time and money than some applicants had. UNHCR reported Roma were at particular Prostitutes Bakhmut for statelessness, since many did not have birth certificates or any other types of documentation to verify their identity.

The constitution and law provide citizens the ability to choose their government in free and fair periodic elections held by secret ballot and based on universal and equal suffrage. Recent Elections : In citizens elected Petro Poroshenko president in an election considered free Prostitutes Bakhmut fair by international and domestic observers. The country held early legislative elections in that observers also considered free and fair. In Prostitutes Bakhmut citizens in seven constituencies voted in legislative by-elections.

According to the OSCE election observer mission, the elections were organized and democratic but influenced by economic interests. According to OPORA, a human rights NGO that monitored elections in the country, some Prostitutes Bakhmut campaigned prematurely, providing unfair advantages for certain candidates and parties.

OPORA considered the elections to be free and fair with electoral irregularities that were not systemic. IDPs were unable to vote in local elections unless they changed their registration to their new place of Prostitutes Bakhmut. The law provides criminal penalties for corruption. Authorities did not effectively implement the law, Prostitutes Bakhmut many officials engaged in corrupt practices with impunity.

While the number of reports of government corruption was low, corruption remained pervasive at all levels in the executive, legislative, Prostitutes Bakhmut judicial branches of government. Independent anticorruption Prostitutes Bakhmut faced political pressure that undermined public trust. Corruption : While the government publicized several attempts to combat corruption, it remained a serious problem for citizens and businesses alike. The charges against Nasirov stemmed from Prostitutes Bakhmut involvement in an embezzlement Prostitutes Bakhmut during the extraction and sale of natural gas under cooperation agreements with the state-owned company Ukrgazvydobuvannia.

Financial Disclosure : The law mandates the filing of income and expenditure declarations by public officials, and a special review process allows for public access to Prostitutes Bakhmut and sets penalties for either not filing or filing a false declaration. According to the investigation, the judge failed to disclose vehicles and real estate assets worth approximatelydollars.

By law the National Agency for the Prevention of Corruption is responsible for reviewing financial declarations and monitoring the income and expenditures of high-level officials.

Some observers questioned, however, whether the agency had the capacity and independence to fulfill this function. A Prostitutes Bakhmut of domestic and international human rights groups generally operated without government restriction, investigating and publishing their findings on human rights cases. Government officials were cooperative and responsive to their views. During the year the government placed burdensome new reporting requirements on NGOs working on anticorruption in apparent retaliation for their activities see section 2.

Authorities in areas controlled by Prostitutes Bakhmut forces in Prostitutes Bakhmut Ukraine routinely denied access to domestic and international civil society organizations.

If human rights groups attempted to work in those areas, they faced significant Prostitutes Bakhmut and intimidation see section 2. Government Human Rights Bodies : The constitution provides for a human rights ombudsman, officially designated as legislative commissioner on human rights. Valeriya Lutkovska Prostitutes Bakhmut as the ombudsman for human rights during the year, and observers considered her office an effective promoter Prostitutes Bakhmut human rights.

Human rights organizations criticized the process to choose her successor, asserting that the candidates nominated were not politically impartial and lacked necessary qualifications Prostitutes Bakhmut that the government failed to consult with civil society or conduct the process in a transparent manner. Rape and Domestic Violence : The law prohibits rape of men or women but does not explicitly address spousal rape or domestic violence.

Under the law, authorities may detain a person for up to five days for offenses related to domestic violence and spousal abuse. Sexual assault and rape continued to be significant problems. Domestic violence against women remained a serious problem.

Spousal abuse was common. According to the PGO, cases of domestic violence were registered during the first nine months of the year. According to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, police issued approximately 41, domestic violence warnings and protection orders during the first nine months of the year.

Punishment included fines, administrative arrest, and community service. Human rights groups noted the ability of agencies to detect and report Prostitutes Bakhmut of domestic violence was limited, and preventive services remained underdeveloped. Human rights groups asserted that law enforcement authorities did not consider domestic Prostitutes Bakhmut to be a serious crime but rather a private matter to be settled between spouses.

Research showed that most authorities believed that, in domestic violence cases, familial reconciliation Prostitutes Bakhmut more important than punishing the perpetrator or protecting the victim. La Strada operated a national hotline for victims of violence and sexual harassment. As of June, more than 15, individuals had called the hotline for assistance; 95 percent of the calls concerned domestic or sexual violence while more than one-half the calls involved psychological violence.

The Prostitutes Bakhmut reported that expanded public awareness campaigns increased the number of requests for assistance it received each year. According to the NGO La Strada, Prostitutes Bakhmut conflict in the Donbas region led to a surge in violence against women across the country. Human rights groups attributed the increase in violence to posttraumatic Prostitutes Bakhmut experienced by IDPs fleeing the conflict and by soldiers returning from combat.

IDPs reported instances of rape and sexual abuse; many claimed to Prostitutes Bakhmut fled areas controlled by Russia-led forces because they feared sexual abuse.

Although the law requires the government to operate a shelter in every major city, it did not do so. According to the Ministry of Social Policy, as of July 1, government centers provided domestic violence-related services, in the form of sociopsychological assistance, to 8, families with 8, children.

Social services centers monitored families in matters related to domestic violence and child abuse. They reported continuing and widespread sexual harassment, including coerced sex, in the workplace.

Women rarely sought legal recourse because courts declined to hear their cases and rarely convicted perpetrators. Coercion in Population Control : There were Prostitutes Bakhmut reports of coerced abortion, involuntary sterilization, or other coercive Prostitutes Bakhmut control methods. Estimates on maternal mortality and Prostitutes Bakhmut prevalence are available at: www. Discrimination : The law provides that women enjoy the same rights as men and are entitled to receive Prostitutes Bakhmut pay for equal work.

In practice, women received lower salaries than men and were prohibited from working in nearly occupations see section 7. Birth Registration : Prostitutes Bakhmut birth in the country or to Ukrainian parents conveys citizenship. A child born to stateless parents residing permanently in the country is a citizen. The law requires that parents register a child within a month of birth, and failure to register sometimes resulted in denial of public services.

Registration of children born in Crimea or areas in Donbas controlled by Russia-led forces remained difficult. Prostitutes Bakhmut required hospital paperwork to register births.

Child Abuse : Human Prostitutes Bakhmut groups noted authorities lacked the capability to detect Prostitutes Bakhmut against children and refer victims for assistance. Preventive services remained underdeveloped. There were also instances of forced labor Prostitutes Bakhmut children see section 7. Authorities did not take effective measures at the national Prostitutes Bakhmut to protect children from abuse and violence and to prevent such problems.

The ombudsman for human rights noted the Prostitutes Bakhmut of mechanisms to protect children who survived or witnessed violence, in particular violence committed by their parents.

Because many Roma lacked documents, obtaining IDP assistance, medical care, and education was especially difficult.

According to the law, parents were the legal representatives of their children, even if they perpetrated violence against them. There is no procedure for appointing a temporary legal representative of a child during the investigation Prostitutes Bakhmut alleged parental violence.

Ukraine - United States Department of State

Prostitutes Bakhmut and Forced Marriage : The minimum age for marriage is Romani rights groups reported that early marriages involving girls under the age of 18 were common in the Romani community. Sexual Exploitation of Children : The law prohibits the commercial sexual exploitation of children, Prostitutes Bakhmut sale of children, offering or procuring a child Prostitutes Bakhmut child prostitution, and practices related to child pornography.

The minimum prison sentence for child rape is 10 years. Molesting a child under the age of 16 is punishable by imprisonment for up to five years.

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The same offense committed against a child under the age of 14 is punishable by imprisonment for five to eight years. The age of consent is Sexual exploitation of children, however, remained significantly underreported.

Commercial sexual exploitation of children remained a serious problem. Domestic and foreign law enforcement officials reported that a significant amount of child pornography on the internet continued to originate in the country. The International Organization for Migration reported that Prostitutes Bakhmut from socially disadvantaged families and those in state custody continued to be at high risk of trafficking and commercial sexual exploitation and the production of pornography.

Prostitutes Bakhmut rights groups believed this number was low. Children living in areas controlled by Prostitutes Bakhmut forces did not receive nutritional and shelter assistance. Human rights groups reported that children who experienced the conflict or fled from territory controlled by Russia-led forces suffered psychological trauma.

Institutionalized Children : The child welfare system continued to rely on long-term residential care for children at social risk or without parental care, Prostitutes Bakhmut the number of residential-care institutions continued to drop. Government policies to address the abandonment of children reduced the number of children deprived of parental care.

In August the Prostitutes Bakhmut approved a national strategy for that was Prostitutes Bakhmut to transform the institutionalized childcare system into one that provides a family-based or family-like environment for children.

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Romani rights groups reported that early marriages involving girls under the age of 18 were common in the Romani community. Access to Asylum : The law provides for asylum or refugee status, and the government has established a legal system to protect refugees.

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