Prostitutes Remedios, Skank in Remedios (CU)

External link. Jeal N, Salisbury C. This is supported by the epidemiological evidence from Prostitutes Remedios that showed Prostitutes Remedios sex workers who were stopped, searched, or arrested were at increased risk of client violence despite the introduction of more severe laws against the purchase of sex introduced in alongside fewer sanctions for sex workers working together and modelled on the Swedish law [ 57 ].

These associations became insignificant after adjusting for Prostitutes Remedios risk behaviours, age, and time in sex work [ 79 ]. Of note, sex workers who test positive for HIV in this system have their registration revoked, and sex workers already living with HIV cannot work in the regulated sector; therefore, sex workers who know or suspect they are living with HIV are unlikely to register.

Registered sex workers had Prostitutes Remedios odds of ever injecting drugs and higher odds of being tested for HIV [ 81 ]. A final study suggested that lack of registration was associated with increased odds Prostitutes Remedios unprotected sex OR 2.

Two studies in Canada evaluated a new policing guideline that prioritised enforcement of laws against clients and third parties over arrest of sex workers introduced in Vancouver in These studies found that there was no decrease in physical and sexual violence OR 1.

The introduction of an anti-trafficking policy in South Korea, accompanied by brothel closures, in was associated with a decrease in prevalence of Prostitutes Remedios and antibodies to Treponema pallidum indicating current or past infectionbut also changes Prostitutes Remedios the demographic profile of sex workers. Sex workers were younger in surveys conducted after the act compared to before, which may contribute to the Prostitutes Remedios prevalence of infection, although sex workers reported receiving more clients [ 77 ].

From the 94 eligible papers Prostitutes Remedios qualitative Prostitutes Remedios, we generated 4 core analytical categories over 37 unique analyses papers in different legislative frameworks and geographical settings, refining these through the inclusion of a further 9 purposively sampled papers S3 Text. Partial criminalisation models were represented in Prostitutes Remedios from 5 papers in Canada Prostitutes Remedios 1 paper each Prostitutes Remedios Hong Kong, India, Nigeria, Thailand, and the UK.

Five papers focused on Canada following the introduction of criminalisation of clients, and 1 on Sweden, where that model is in place. Four papers related to New Zealand, where sex work has been decriminalised. In total, interviews with 2, sex workers were analysed, representing a range of sex work locations including street settings, truck stops, brothels, massage parlours, bars, night clubs, hotels, lodges, and homes and means of meeting clients Prostitutes Remedios organised in person, via phone or online, independently, and via third parties.

Just 2 papers focused exclusively on the experiences of trans sex workers, and 1 on male sex workers. Characteristics of included studies data-rich and purposively sampled [ 222634 — 364993 — ] are summarised in Table 3indicating which papers were purposively selected. A list of the other papers that were identified but not included is available S3 Text.

Core analytical categories identified include disrupted workspaces and safety strategies; institutionalised violence, coercion, and extortion, and restricted access to justice; reproduction of multiple Prostitutes Remedios and inequalities; and restricted access to health and social care and support Prostitutes Remedios Text.

Illustrative quotes from the core categories Prostitutes Remedios summarised in Box 1. For sex workers operating indoors, these laws impeded direct negotiations with clients and communication between peers about safety and sexual health [ ].

Shu Lea Cheang: FLUIDØ (2017)

This pattern persisted in contexts where clients were criminalised. In Canada, cis and trans female sex workers continued to be displaced by police in areas undergoing gentrification, and, even when they were not targeted, some still experienced police presence as harassment [ 26].

Across Prostitutes Remedios contexts, experience of possession of condoms being used as evidence of sex work, and experience of police raids where condoms had been confiscated, led to sex workers Prostitutes Remedios carrying, using, or accessing condoms consistently [ 9398, ] and venues restricting or not providing them [ 9398, ].

In South Australia, sex workers attributed the latter to increased raids, closures, and the recent arrest of a venue owner [ 98 ]. A lack of legal protection left sex workers vulnerable to exploitation Prostitutes Remedios venue managers who could restrict access to information on their working and legal rights [].

In Guatemala, some venue managers warned sex workers about raids, but, in common with experiences in Sri Lanka [ ], others encouraged them to provide officers free sexual services to avoid their prosecution [ ]. In India, some brothel owners paid police to avoid raids, or allowed pre-selected sex workers to be arrested [ 99 ]. Conversely, where certain indoor work places were informally approved by police in a wider landscape of criminalisation, as occurred in low-barrier housing for women in Canada, Prostitutes Remedios removed threat of criminal penalties fostered venue-level safety strategies, in which sex workers could refuse unprotected sex or call the police in the event of Prostitutes Remedios client becoming violent Quote 7 [ ].

Similarly, in the context of decriminalisation Prostitutes Remedios New Zealand, cis female sex workers working on the street reported greater police presence contributing to their protection as well as increased time for screening clients Quotes 8 and 9 [ 3694 — 96 ]. Sex workers across sectors reported being able to negotiate Prostitutes Remedios more directly and refuse clients [ Prostitutes Remedios ].

Police became more focused on sharing information with women about violent incidents or individuals, and when their presence was off-putting to clients, women could request that they left [ 96 ].

Sex workers working outdoors no longer needed to move to isolated areas [ 94 ], although they continued to experience verbal and physical abuse by passers-by [ 95 ]. Although sex worker organisations objected to mandatory condom use within this model, some sex workers felt that it helped them insist on condom use [ 36 ]. In contexts of regulation in Prostitutes Remedios, Mexico, and the US, venue-level systems such as alarms, fixed prices, Prostitutes Remedios, and condom use [], Prostitutes Remedios well Prostitutes Remedios being able to work in close proximity with other Prostitutes Remedios workers and third parties [ 35,], improved control and sense of safety for those able to work in regulated venues.

In Canada, the cost of business licenses and the ineligibility of those with criminal records restricted access to and mobility between regulated venues [ 93]. In Mexico, only well-networked, resident, HIV-negative, cis female sex workers gained access to tolerance zones and regulated venues, Prostitutes Remedios offered fewer physical risks than unregulated indoor and outdoor settings but were often overcrowded, making income less stable [ 35].

In Australia, Guatemala, and Mexico, the ineligibility of minors to work in regulated venues meant that they had to work on the street [ 35, ]. Prostitutes Remedios Australia and Sri Lanka, sex workers operating in unregulated venues had less control over negotiations with clients, and some owners Prostitutes Remedios women to provide sex without a condom [].

Studies showed that policing practices in contexts of criminalisation and regulation institutionalised violence against sex workers, both directly through police inflicting physical or sexual violence or demanding fines in lieu of arrest, and indirectly by restricting access to justice Prostitutes Remedios thus creating an environment of impunity for perpetrators of violence [ 97, — ].

Violence and abuses of power by police were reported across all genders and diverse political and economic contexts, including Cambodia, Canada, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, India, Kenya, Prostitutes Remedios, Nigeria, Pakistan, Serbia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Uganda, the US, and Zimbabwe [ 499799,,, ]. This took the form of arbitrary arrest and detention, verbal harassment, intimidation, humiliating and derogatory treatment, extortion, forcible displacement, physical violence, gang rape, and other forms of sexual violence during raids and in police custody [ 499799,,].

In Nepal, cis female sex workers, including those hired as peer educators, reported being arrested, beaten, and robbed by police upon being found in possession of condoms [ ]. Sex workers were reluctant to report violence and theft to the police [ 98] for fear of the following: Prostitutes Remedios for prostitution-related activities, unrelated petty offences, or non-payment of previous fines [ 9798, ]; being accused of crimes they had not committed [ 49]; harsh treatment or moral judgement [ 97]; further extortion or violence [ 35, ]; disclosure in court [ 97 ]; prohibitive costs Prostitutes Remedios ]; or because no action would be taken to address the crime [ 97, ].

Long-standing discrimination, and the sense that police viewed them as criminals, made sex workers doubt the police would take complaints seriously [, ]. Cis and trans women in Canada and Prostitutes Remedios US reported police questioning whether it is possible for a sex worker to be raped [ 97]. Quote This produces an environment of impunity, where further violence, extortion, and theft Prostitutes Remedios police and others operate unchecked [ 98, Prostitutes Remedios, ], perceived to be a major contributor in Prostitutes Remedios violence against sex workers [ 26Prostitutes Remedios.

Reluctance to Prostitutes Remedios violence occurred even in contexts where the purchase but not the sale of sex was criminalised, due to Prostitutes Remedios that information about where sex work takes place could be used to target clients and harass sex workers Quote 15 [ 34].

In contexts of regulation, registered sex workers in Guatemala viewed their health cards recording compliance with mandatory testing as protective against police and immigration harassment [], and registered sex workers in Mexico had better access to police protection but rarely reported violence [ 35 ]. Prostitutes Remedios Senegal, registered workers still experienced being disbelieved when reporting physical or economic violence to police and so were reluctant to report it as a result Quote 16 [ Prostitutes Remedios.

Concerns about being exposed to family and friends were paramount [ 35] and deterred some from registering [ ]. Those who were not Prostitutes Remedios were afraid they would be sent to jail or fined for working illegally, or Prostitutes Remedios active drug use [ 35 ], and were more heavily targeted by police for fines, arrest, detention, extortion, and sometimes sexual violence [ 35, ].

In India, marked reductions in police raids and violence were achieved through a peer-based intervention that facilitated access to justice and challenged power relations between sex workers and police, although some officers cited lengthy procedures to dissuade reporting [ 99 ].

Since decriminalisation in New Zealand, sex workers describe having better Prostitutes Remedios with the police, and greater access to justice which—despite some prevailing mistrust in police—makes them feel safer and more confident with clients [ 369596 ] and more deserving of respect Quote Prostitutes Remedios [ 36 ]. The removal of threat of arrest—which reduced Prostitutes Remedios power and afforded sex workers rights—gave sex workers, and particularly young people [ 95 ], greater confidence to report violent incidents, exploitation by managers, and disputes with clients [ 3696 ].

However, some officers treated disputes with clients as breaches of contract rather than crimes [ 96 ]. While there were still some reports of abuses Prostitutes Remedios police power, there were also examples of offending officers being prosecuted as a result, helping to challenge environments of impunity Prostitutes Remedios 369496 ].

Findings show that repressive police treatment reinforced inequalities and entrenched Prostitutes Remedios of sex workers, as well as creating disparities within sex-working communities, with police targeting specific settings or populations. In the context of full criminalisation in Sri Lanka, sex workers reported experiencing harsher punishment than their clients or managers: both sex workers and clients might be fined, but clients were not arrested or charged in the way Prostitutes Remedios sex workers were [ 49 ], nor were managers of flats arrested during police raids [ ].

Across settings, arrests, fines, extortion, and theft by police particularly targeted street-based sex workers [,], resulting in loss of income and increased economic vulnerabilities Quote 19 [ 4999,, ]. Findings from Canada, Sri Lanka, and the US also show how criminalisation and police enforcement restricted freedom of movement, as sex workers were targeted arbitrarily by police during and outside of Prostitutes Remedios work hours and environments [ 4997,], and outed as sex workers by officers [ Prostitutes Remedios ].

Studies showed how police targeting and mistreatment of sex workers, and inaccessibility to justice, reproduced inequalities and discrimination against sexual and gender minorities [ 2649,], people who use drugs [ 22,], women, people of colour, and migrants [ 26349798,]. In Sri Lanka, where both sex Prostitutes Remedios and homosexuality are criminalised, trans sex workers were less likely to be charged than cis women but they experienced extensive extortion, humiliation, false accusations of crime, and Prostitutes Remedios, physical, and sexual violence by officers targeting their gender expression Quote 22 [ 49].

Similar experiences were reported among feminine-presenting male and trans sex workers in Pakistan and among trans women and sex workers of Prostitutes Remedios in Canada and the US [ 26, ].

In criminalised and regulated settings, the precarious legal status of undocumented or unregistered migrant sex workers was used by clients [ ] and venue owners [ ] to refuse payment, and by landlords to charge inflated rents for substandard rooms [ ]. Prostitutes Remedios sex workers did not report violence and other crimes to the police due to fear of deportation [ 35, ] or language barriers [ 98 ].

In Sweden, immigration legislation and anti-trafficking policies have been used to deport migrant sex workers, despite their characterisation in national prostitution law as victims of violence, Prostitutes Remedios a way of reducing sex work [ 34 ]. In Cambodia and various sub-Saharan African countries, crackdowns on brothels have reduced access to health services by disrupting Prostitutes Remedios networks and displacing sex workers from usual places of work, making it difficult Prostitutes Remedios outreach services to find people, and hindering collective organisation Quote 24 [].

In China, sex workers were reluctant Prostitutes Remedios accept condoms from health Prostitutes Remedios after police crackdowns, for fear of their use as evidence [ ]. Based on ethnographic observations, authors noted multiple difficulties experienced by Prostitutes Remedios workers as a result of laws against renting property used for sex work, including problems with eviction as well as with immigration, child custody, and tax authorities [ 34 ].

In Canada, some sex workers had received referrals from supportive police to health, counselling, Prostitutes Remedios legal aid services [ 97 ], but indoor venue managers remained reluctant to allow outreach visits for fear of prosecution, Prostitutes Remedios access to sexual and broader healthcare—particularly disadvantaging migrant sex workers who relied on outreach [ 93 ].

Trans sex workers in Canada [ ] and Prostitutes Remedios workers of all genders in South Australia [ 98 ] were fearful of accessing clinics [ Prostitutes Remedios, sex-worker-led outreach services, and peer information and resources [ 98 ], for fear of being reported to the police.

Studies showed how registration and mandatory testing necessitated more frequent contact with healthcare systems [,] and were viewed positively by authors in Prostitutes Remedios, US, as a way of maintaining a low level of STIs [ ] and by some sex workers as a form of self-responsibility for health []. However, in Guatemala the decision to comply with testing requirements was mostly motivated by fear of police harassment and detention rather than health considerations [].

In Turkey, unregistered migrant sex workers were forcibly tested upon arrest [ ], and in Australia, some sex workers experienced judgement and were refused testing by health Prostitutes Remedios [ ].

Prevalence and correlates of nonmedical prescription opioid use among a cohort of sex workers in Vancouver, Canada.

Prostitutes Remedios Nevada, sex workers who test HIV positive can face up Prostitutes Remedios 10 years in prison if they are found selling sex in a licensed or an unlicensed environment [ ]. The negotiation has to take place afterwards, which is always so much scarier. And I just hopped in cause I was cold and tired of standing out there. And you know, he put something to my throat.

And I had to do it for nothing. You have to just hurry up before the cops come. To avoid police they wanna move to a different area. Because of the legal situation you have to be very, very careful.

But now [since police crackdowns] we cannot know Prostitutes Remedios they take us to. Such as taking us to Prek Prostitutes Remedios [a village 15 km from Phnom Penh] and hurt us.

There is no one Prostitutes Remedios control us. Prostitutes Remedios it is not safe for us. He was a visitor in the house, and he came in as a date, and they called the police, and he got arrested. But when it got legalised the police were everywhere.

They afterwards demanded sex from me. One of them threatened to stab me if Prostitutes Remedios refused. I ended up having sex with all of them and the experience was so painful. I sold my body. I worked. The man, for instance, pardon me, fucked me and everything, for the money.

And they take the money. Today,tomorrow Why the law does not limit…the charges for this amount? I feel like the charges just depend on their [police] mood. Quote [In a case where a participant reported being attacked by a client and the case going to court. The next day she recognised him in the bar and told the bar owner who Prostitutes Remedios her to go to the police. They let the girls go. They just pick us up, and go to the woods, and go wild on us…First, they beat us in the woods, and then they take us to the station.

It got thrown out of court…. In the past, women live in one place at the brothel. We are sleepless, so we sleep at day time, so I am lazy to go Prostitutes Remedios check my health.

I have Prostitutes Remedios feeling to go. It has to be every three Prostitutes Remedios at least. You have to go to a sexual health clinic and wait all day to see a doctor. I did that for a couple of weeks to see what it was like.

The amount of controls and the Prostitutes Remedios of freedom was horrendous. Yeah, I think decriminalization gives us the most freedom. We estimate that, collectively, lawful or unlawful repressive policing practices linked to sex work criminalisation partial or full are associated with increased risk of Prostitutes Remedios with HIV or STIs, sexual or physical violence from clients or intimate partners, and condomless sex.

The qualitative synthesis clearly shows pathways through which these policing practices and Prostitutes Remedios risks are associated: enacted or feared Prostitutes Remedios enforcement—targeting sex workers, clients, Prostitutes Remedios third parties organising sex work—displaces sex workers into isolated and dangerous work locations and disrupts risk reduction strategies, such as screening and negotiating with clients, carrying condoms, and working with others. Repressive police practices frequently Prostitutes Remedios basic violations of human rights, including unlawful arrest and detention, extortion, physical and sexual violence by law enforcement, lack of recourse to justice, and forced HIV testing—violations inextricably linked to increased unprotected sex, transmission of HIV and STIs, increased violence from all actors, and poorer access to health services [ 329].

The qualitative synthesis shows how violence and stigma against sex workers are institutionalised, legitimised, and rendered invisible [ 2635 ] in contexts of any criminalisation and Prostitutes Remedios [ 2635 ], as sex workers across settings consistently report being Prostitutes Remedios criminalised, blamed, or ignored when they report crimes against them. Prostitutes Remedios structural, symbolic, and everyday violence fosters climates of impunity and under-reporting, and failure to recognise Prostitutes Remedios workers as citizens deserving protection, care, and support [ 26 ].

Targeting and exclusion of the Prostitutes Remedios marginalised sex workers reinforces and obscures the injustices they face. They do so by showing how these factors interplay with criminalisation to further marginalise sex workers and deprive them of civil, labour, and social rights [ — ]. Fear of prosecution and moral judgement, due to laws against homosexuality and transgenderism [ ] and drug use [ ], and, in the case of migrant workers [ ], fear of deportation, further reduce Prostitutes Remedios to report violence and exploitation to the police.

Despite including search terms relating to broader health outcomes, the majority of epidemiological literature focused on sexual health outcomes and, in more recent evidence, violence. We found few studies that focused on emotional health, but these show detrimental associations with repressive policing and criminalisation. Qualitative and quantitative studies demonstrate that police enforcement and its threat is a major source of anxiety [], whereas working in indoor, decriminalised environments is associated with improved mental health outcomes [ 32Prostitutes Remedios.

Only 1 quantitative study reported on the associations between policing and violence from intimate or other partners, and further research is needed to understand the mechanisms of this relationship [ 58 ]. Successful sex-worker-led Prostitutes Remedios to improving Prostitutes Remedios to justice and challenging institutional stigma in South India offer important examples Prostitutes Remedios what can be achieved with sustained funding and Prostitutes Remedios [ 99 ].

Findings clearly show that criminally enforced regulatory models create major disparities within sex worker communities, possibly enabling access to safer conditions for some but excluding the large majority who remain Prostitutes Remedios a system Prostitutes Remedios criminalisation, including trans women, cis men, people who use drugs, migrant populations, Prostitutes Remedios often sex workers operating in outdoor environments, who are at increased risk of HIV in many settings [ 8190].

In contexts of mandatory HIV testing following arrest, fear of enforcement can hinder voluntary uptake of HIV testing and interventions [ 7180 ], showing how this punitive approach to public health Prostitutes Remedios reduces access to health services. More recent research from Senegal has shown that while registration was associated with better physical health, the stigma attached to being registered has a Prostitutes Remedios effect on well-being; only a minority of sex workers are registered, and those who test HIV positive are excluded [ ].

Prostitutes Remedios the qualitative synthesis demonstrates, in New Zealand, following decriminalisation, sex workers reported being better able to refuse clients and insist on condom use, amid improved relationships with police Prostitutes Remedios managers [ 36, ]. This concords with existing modelling data that suggest a positive effect of decriminalisation on incidence of HIV [ 2 ]. We were unable to examine the effects of different legislative models in the quantitative synthesis due to limited data, particularly for the models of decriminalisation and the criminalisation of the purchase of sex.

Evidence included in our qualitative synthesis clearly shows that criminalisation of clients does not facilitate access to services, nor minimise violence. This is supported by the epidemiological evidence from Vancouver that showed Prostitutes Remedios sex workers who were stopped, searched, or arrested were at increased risk of client violence despite the introduction of more severe laws against the purchase of sex introduced in alongside fewer sanctions for sex workers working together and modelled on the Swedish law [ 57 ].

In Prostitutes Remedios, the practice of rushing negotiations due to police presence increased and was associated with increased client-perpetrated violence [ 92 ]. Findings from our qualitative synthesis suggest that enforcement strategies Prostitutes Remedios seek to reduce the numbers of sex workers [ ] or clients [ ] are unlikely to achieve these effects, since the economic needs of sex workers remain unchanged, resulting in sex workers having to work longer Prostitutes Remedios, accept greater risks, and deprioritise health.

There is no reliable evidence from Sweden that the numbers of sex workers have decreased since the law changed in [ 34 ]. There are a number of limitations to this review. Findings from our Prostitutes Remedios meta-analyses examining condom use and violence were limited by high heterogeneity, although effect estimates remained consistent across sensitivity analyses, suggesting we can be Prostitutes Remedios in their Prostitutes Remedios. By limiting the search to literature written in Prostitutes Remedios, Russian, and Spanish, we may have missed key studies.

There was a lack of comparable quantitative data on outcomes such as access to services, drug-related harms, and emotional ill health, which precluded the use Prostitutes Remedios meta-analysis. Similarly, few qualitative studies explored the emotional health effects of criminalisation and enforcement, Prostitutes Remedios its effects on access to health and broader services received less attention relative to safety and health risks, within the Prostitutes Remedios body of evidence reviewed.

Methodologically, some studies did not provide sufficient detail on sampling and analysis methods, and few included reflexive discussions on the position of the researcher. Although a growing number involve sex workers as researchers or advisors, few included discussion of the challenges and benefits of participatory approaches. We found few eligible studies that included trans female or cis male sex workers, who experience particular inequalities in relation to HIV, access to services, and—as the qualitative synthesis shows—police targeting and violence, limiting our ability to generalise findings to these populations.

It is also possible that some studies may not have differentiated between trans women and cis men [ ], or between cis and trans participants within samples of female and male sex workers, and few disaggregated experiences or outcomes by gender.

This Prostitutes Remedios an important area of future research given the specific vulnerabilities experienced by these Prostitutes Remedios, in contexts where gender and Prostitutes Remedios minorities are criminalised, inadequately protected against hate crimes, and, in the case of trans people, not legally recognised. Our review focuses on the implementation of enforcement practices Prostitutes Remedios to 5 broad legislative models. We report on recent and past history of arrest Prostitutes Remedios prison based on the information available to us, but few studies reported whether Prostitutes Remedios arrest was related to sex work, was related to another offence, or had to do with social, gender, or Prostitutes Remedios profiling.

Assessing the extent to which the enforcement practice was lawful or unlawful is beyond the scope of this review, but in some cases unlawful activities are clearly evidenced e. This limits our ability to assess the specific contribution of sex work penalties to the health and safety of sex workers, relative to the use of other penalties and abuses of police powers against sex workers in contexts of criminalisation. Lack of clarity on the lawfulness of police enforcement practices also reflects the difficulties in measuring stigma and its interaction with Prostitutes Remedios, and the need for mixed-methods approaches to unpack these complexities in context.

We found few data on the interplay between criminalisation, collective organisation, and health outcomes. Evidence from India has shown how tackling social injustice and mistreatment by the police as Prostitutes Remedios of a sex-worker-led HIV prevention intervention has resulted in fewer arrests, more explanation of reasons for arrest, and fairer treatment by the police, as well as decreased violence against sex workers [ 8499 ].

However, most evaluations of community-led health interventions have been limited to HIV prevention and have been implemented in India, Dominican Republic, and Brazil []. Although there are numerous examples of active sex worker organisations advocating for sex worker rights and evidence-based Prostitutes Remedios internationally, as well as developing guidelines for rights-based HIV programming Prostitutes Remedios, for, Prostitutes Remedios by sex workers [ ], the voices of sex workers continue to be dismissed and silenced in policy debates in many settings as well as in the design and evaluation of public health interventions.

The public health evidence clearly shows the harms associated with all forms of sex work criminalisation, including regulatory systems, which effectively leave the most marginalised, and typically the majority of, sex workers outside of the law.

The evidence available suggests that decriminalisation can improve relationships between sex workers and the police, increasing ability to report incidences of violence and facilitate access to services [ 369596 ].

Considering these findings within a human rights framework, they Prostitutes Remedios the urgency of reforming policies and laws shown to increase health harms and act as barriers to the realisation of health, removing Prostitutes Remedios and enforcement against sex workers and clients, and building in health and safety protections [ ].

It is clear that while legislative change is key, it is not enough on its own. Law reform needs to be accompanied by Prostitutes Remedios and political commitment to reducing structural inequalities, stigma, and exclusion—including introducing anti-discrimination and hate crime laws that protect sex workers and sexual, gender, racial, and ethnic minorities. Mixed-methods, interdisciplinary, and participatory research is needed to document the context-specific ways in which criminalisation or decriminalisation interacts with other structural factors and policies Prostitutes Remedios to stigma, poverty, migration, housing, and sex worker collective organising, to inform locally relevant interventions alongside legal reform.

This research must go alongside efforts to examine concerns surrounding decriminalisation of sex work within institutions and communities, which influence policy and practice, and sex workers must be involved in decision-making over any such research and reforms [].

The recognition of sex work as an occupation is an important step towards conferring social, labour, and civil rights on all sex workers, and this must be accompanied by concerted efforts to challenge and redress cultures of discrimination and violence against people who sell sex. While such reforms and related institutional shifts are likely to be Prostitutes Remedios only in the long term, immediate interventions are needed to support sex workers, including the funding and scale-up of specialist and sex-worker-led services that can address the multiple and linked health and social care needs that sex workers may face.

Abstract Prostitutes Remedios Sex workers are at disproportionate risk of violence and sexual and emotional ill health, harms that have been linked to the criminalisation of sex work. Methods and findings We searched bibliographic databases between 1 January and 9 May for qualitative and quantitative research involving sex Prostitutes Remedios of all genders and terms relating to legislation, police, and health.

Conclusions Together, the qualitative and quantitative evidence demonstrate the extensive harms associated with criminalisation Prostitutes Remedios sex work, including laws Prostitutes Remedios enforcement targeting the sale and Prostitutes Remedios of sex, and activities relating to sex work organisation. Author summary Why Prostitutes Remedios this study done? This evidence is critical to informing evidenced-based policy-making, and timely given the growing interest in models of decriminalisation of sex work or criminalising the purchase of sex the latter recently introduced in Canada, France, Northern Ireland, Republic Prostitutes Remedios Ireland, and Prostitutes Remedios.

In examining the system for regulating FSWs in Tijuana, we found that registration with the MHD was associated with higher odds of HIV testing, as one would expect, but registration was not associated with lower risk of testing positive for HIV or STIs, after adjusting for other confounders associated with registration.

Prostitutes Remedios What did the researchers do and find? Prostitutes Remedios searched bibliographic databases for qualitative and quantitative research, categorising lawful and unlawful police repression, including criminal and Prostitutes Remedios penalties within different legislative models. Repressive policing of sex workers was associated with increased risk of condomless sex across 9, participants from 4 studies. What do these findings mean?

The quantitative evidence clearly shows the association between repressive policing within frameworks of full or partial sex work criminalisation—including the criminalisation of clients and the organisation of sex work—and adverse health outcomes. More research is needed in order to document how Prostitutes Remedios and decriminalisation interact with other structural factors, policies, and realities e.

Introduction Sex workers can face multiple interdependent health risks [ 1Prostitutes Remedios ]. Download: PPT. Definitions We included studies with sex workers of all genders who currently or have ever exchanged sexual services for money, drugs, or other material goods. Inclusion criteria We included quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-methods studies published in English, Russian, or Spanish, and included data specific to the experiences of sex workers.

Results From 9, papers identified, studies met the inclusion criteria, resulting in 40 papers included in the quantitative synthesis, of which 20 Prostitutes Remedios included in the meta-analysis and 20 in the narrative synthesis. Fig 1.

Sex workers are at disproportionate risk of violence and sexual and emotional ill health, harms that have been linked to the criminalisation. Remedios Lozada at PREVENCASA A.C Sex work is regulated in Tijuana, Mexico, but only half of the city's female sex workers (FSWs) are registered with.

Prostitutes Remedios chart of included qualitative and quantitative studies. Quantitative synthesis Included quantitative studies. Table 2. Fig 2. Meta-analyses summarising associations between repressive policing actions on HIV and sexually transmitted infections. Fig 3. Condom use. Fig Prostitutes Remedios. Meta-analyses summarising the association between Prostitutes Remedios policing actions and condomless sex with clients and intimate partners. Access to services and mandatory testing.

Emotional ill health. Drug and alcohol use. Registration at a municipal health service. Evaluation of sex work policies. Qualitative synthesis Included qualitative studies. Table 3.

Pair arrested for prostitution in a parked van in Fort Myers

Summary of qualitative study characteristics included in the thematic analysis including legislative context and methods.

Core category 1: Disrupted workspaces and safety strategies. Core category 2: Institutionalised violence, coercion, and extortion, and restricted access to justice. Core category 3: Reproduction of multiple stigmas Prostitutes Remedios inequalities.

Core category 4: Restricted access to health and social care and support. Box 1. Discussion We estimate that, collectively, lawful or unlawful repressive policing practices linked to sex work criminalisation partial Prostitutes Remedios full are associated with increased risk of infection with HIV or STIs, sexual or physical violence from clients or intimate partners, and condomless sex.

Limitations There are a number of limitations to this review. Conclusion The public health evidence clearly shows the harms associated with all forms of sex work criminalisation, including regulatory systems, which Prostitutes Remedios leave the most marginalised, and typically the majority of, sex workers outside of the law. Supporting information. S1 Moose Checklist.

S1 Fig. S2 Fig. S3 Fig. Sensitivity analysis of unadjusted and adjusted estimates of condomless sex stratified by police exposure. S4 Prostitutes Remedios. Sensitivity analysis of outcome misclassification. Prostitutes Remedios Table. Quality assessment of quantitative studies. S2 Table. Data used in R for meta-analysis. S1 Prostitutes Remedios.

Systematic review protocol. S2 Text. Summary of CERQual assessment. S3 Text. Category themes and sub-themes. S4 Text. All references reviewed as part of qualitative synthesis.

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Sex workers are at disproportionate risk of violence and sexual and emotional ill health, harms that have been linked to the criminalisation. Urban areas in Mexico typically have a regulated 'Zona Roja' [red light district] where prostitution is tolerated. Although reports vary, the most widely.

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Violence by clients towards female prostitutes in different work setting: questionnaire survey. Jeal N, Salisbury C. Health needs and service use of parlour-based prostitutes compared with street-based prostitutes: a cross-sectional survey. HIV epidemics among transgender women. The social structural production of HIV risk among injecting drug users. Soci Sci Med. Individual, interpersonal, and social-structural correlates of involuntary sex exchange among female sex workers in two Mexico-U.

HIV infection among female Prostitutes Remedios workers in concentrated and high prevalence epidemics: why a structural determinants framework is needed. Marmot M. Social determinants of health inequalities.

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