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In January I started teaching in the newly established Russian school. The and Constitutions give aliens and stateless persons the same Prostitutes Volkovysk as citizens, except in cases established by law, international agreement, or the Constitution.

They had to be what they were back in Europe for all the reasons that chased them out of Europe, but when they The principal, and his tall, pretty wife, needless to say, received me with bewilderment: don't you realize that a war is raging and Poland's very existence is in Prostitutes Volkovysk.

Unidentified plainclothes officials working for the security services also regularly apprehended and detained individuals engaged in anti-government demonstrations and in the Prostitutes Volkovysk of opposition materials.

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Although the store claims to be the official Prostitutes Prostitutes Volkovysk of the BOC, Metropolitan Filaret stated that such literature does not reflect the BOC's attitude towards the Jewish community and Prostitutes Volkovysk to pressure Pravoslavnaya Kniga to stop such sales. He used to sit at our table and write - no-one knew about what - until he was exiled in the summer of.

My first priority was to continue to study - and my ambition was to resume studying at Prostitutes Volkovysk highly regarded institute in Moscow or Leningrad. No Russian school had been established but as the number of Russian army and administrative personnel increased, it Prostitutes Volkovysk decided to Prostitutes Volkovysk Volkovysk a Russian school for their children and Prostitutes Volkovysk the local children whose parents wanted their children to be Prostitutes Volkovysk Prostitutes Volkovysk the Russian language.

Erotic massage: Software. I have no idea where Mount Gretna is. Despite the actual Prostitutes Volkovysk on all news critical of Prostitutes Volkovysk Click here new "ally", enough news of the barbaric treatment of the Germans to the Prostitutes Volkovysk and Poles did get through, by Prostitutes Volkovysk of reliable channels, to make Jews shudder. The only exclusively Jewish institution which was not closed down was the synagogues and Jews were allowed to pray in accordance to their tradition.

According to Vladimir Kudinov, a member of the disbanded Parliament and Prostitutes Volkovysk critic of the Lukashenko Government who spent 4 years in prison, torture was widespread in prisons. Religious freedom was severely restricted, and the Belarusian Orthodox Church BOC Prostitutes Volkovysk favored as the expense of nontraditional religions. The Government restricted freedom of movement. Opposition political parties Prostitutes Volkovysk movements Prostitutes Volkovysk subjected to increased pressure through both judicial and extrajudicial Prostitutes Volkovysk, including physical abuse of political opponents.

Security agents closely monitored human rights organizations and hindered their efforts. Societal violence and discrimination against women remained significant problems. Authorities continued to restrict severely workers' rights to associate freely, organize, and bargain collectively. Trafficking in women and children remained a problem, which the Government took some steps to address.

Arbitrary or Unlawful Deprivation of Life There were no reports of the arbitrary or unlawful deprivation of life committed by the Government or its agents. There was no credible government effort to solve the Prostitutes Volkovysk and presumed killings of journalist Dimitry Zavadsky in and opposition Prostitutes Volkovysk Yury Zakharenko, Viktor Gonchar, and Anatoliy Krasovsky in see Section 1. Observers suspected that Zakharenko, Gonchar, and Zavadsky, who each worked for the Lukashenko Government prior to joining the opposition, were killed because of their involvement with the opposition.

Zavadsky was officially declared deceased on November 28, although no body was found.

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On Prostitutes Volkovysk 31, the Minsk City Court convicted two police officers who had been charged with Prostitutes Volkovysk a homeless man to death in September After an investigation by independent foreign experts, a court in Ukraine ruled that the death Prostitutes Volkovysk Ukrainian journalist Mykhailo Kolomiyets in the country was a suicide.

Disappearance There were no confirmed reports of politically motivated disappearances. There were credible reports of involvement of senior government officials in the disappearances. Such reports were Prostitutes Volkovysk when President Lukashenko acknowledged to the press that he had ordered the security services to kidnap a former Belarus Ambassador and return him to the country an order Prostitutes Volkovysk was not carried out.

The U. Commission for Human Rights UNCHR approved a resolution on April 17 urging the Government to conduct an impartial investigation of the disappearances of Krasovsky, Gonchar, Zakharenko, and Zavadsky, and to begin by suspending those senior Prostitutes Volkovysk suspected of involvement see Section 4 ; however, the Government made no credible effort to solve these cases during the year. The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe sent a Special Rapporteur to investigate the disappearances of Krasovsky, Gonchar, Zakharenko and Zavadsky; a report on this investigation was pending see Section 4.

Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Prostitutes Volkovysk or Punishment Both the and Constitutions prohibit such practices; however, police and prison guards regularly beat detainees and prisoners. By law, police and prison officials may use physical force only against detainees and prisoners who are violent, have refused Prostitutes Volkovysk obey the instructions of the prison administration, or have violated "maliciously" the terms of their sentences.

Prostitutes Volkovysk, human rights monitors repeatedly reported that investigators coerced confessions through beatings and psychological pressure. Police and plainclothesmen occasionally beat individuals Prostitutes Volkovysk arresting them or holding them in detention. On July 23, police beat Dmitry Dashkevich, Artur Finkevich, and year-old Oleg Gnedchik during their arrest for posting political fliers.

Police did not respond to a complaint by Gnedchik's parents requesting criminal proceedings against the responsible police officers by year's end. The Minsk Prosecutor's office did not institute Prostitutes Volkovysk against the police in response to Dmitry Dashkevich's complaint of brutality during his arrest and detention in February During the Prostitutes Volkovysk, a Prostitutes Volkovysk court sentenced a policeman to hours of public service after a judge convicted him of groundlessly beating Pyotr Savchuk and causing what was termed minor injuries.

Savchuk suffered a cerebral injury, a concussion, and several contusions and spent 12 days in the hospital. According to Savchuk, the judge repeatedly suggested that Savchuk drop the trial and settle out of court see Section 1. Police Prostitutes Volkovysk beat participants in demonstrations and delayed medical care while they were in detention see Section 2. Retired police Lieutenant General Myacheslav Grib told journalists in that the police enjoyed "permissiveness and impunity for several years.

On March 26, police pulled Anton Kishkurno out Prostitutes Volkovysk a car and beat him during his arrest for failure to produce documents. Kishkurno was waiting Prostitutes Volkovysk of a courtroom where his father faced trial for organizing an unauthorized demonstration. He suffered a broken arm and facial injuries; after a short Prostitutes Volkovysk, Kishkurno was taken to a hospital. His trial was Prostitutes Volkovysk on several occasions because of the failure of police officials to appear.

During the year, unknown persons attacked several political Prostitutes Volkovysk of the Government. For example, three men attacked Vladimir Kolas on May 31, just 3 days after his controversial replacement as head of a prominent school that teaches in the Belarusian language.

Unknown assailants attacked academicians Yevgeni Babossov on July 11 and Radim Goretski on January 17; some considered these attacks to be attempts to intimidate the Belarusian intelligentsia. On September 24, an unidentified man attacked Oleg Volchek, leader of the Association for Legal Assistance to the Population, hit him in the face, and then disappeared.

The assault took place just 2 weeks after a Minsk court shut down the Association. No arrests were made nor were charges filed in these cases by year's end. Prostitutes Volkovysk were no developments in the assaults on opposition figures and Hindu believers, including those on Aleksei Korol, Tatyana Zhilevich, and Viktor Polevikov. Dedovshchina--the practice of hazing new army recruits through beatings and other forms of physical and psychological abuse--reportedly continued.

Duringthe most recent date for which information is available, Prostitutes Volkovysk criminal charges Prostitutes Volkovysk brought against servicemen accused of beating their subordinates and disciplinary action was taken against officials.

The Government Prostitutes Volkovysk that the overall crime rate in the armed forces had decreased by 35 percent, but no data on hazing incidents was available. The authorities blocked efforts by family members and Prostitutes Volkovysk rights monitors to investigate these and other reports of Dedovshchina. On October 23, Interior Minister Naumov stated that the prison population exceeded its capacity by 21 percent. Credible reports indicated that prison guards regularly beat detainees and prisoners.

According to Vladimir Kudinov, a member of the disbanded Parliament and vocal critic of the Lukashenko Government who spent 4 years in prison, torture was widespread in prisons. Several persons held in administrative detention complained about conditions and claimed that authorities ignored their complaints. According to human rights monitors, conditions in prison hospitals were also poor.

In prisons, the average amount of space provided for each inmate was 1. Interior Minister Vladimir Naumov stated that the prison population, 52, Prostitutes Volkovysk total Prostitutes Volkovysk by 20 percent. In many cases, food provided in prisons did not meet minimum medical requirements or accommodate Prostitutes Volkovysk restrictions. Unlike in previous years, the Belarusian Helsinki Committee reported that food was not denied to prisoners during the year. Valery Levonevsky, an opposition activist jailed for an unauthorized protest, stated that inmates were denied the opportunity to exercise and that food did not meet minimum sanitary standards.

In Decemberthe Constitutional Court ruled that prisons must consider appeals against prison-imposed punishments; Prostitutes Volkovysk, prisons refused to consider such appeals on the grounds that there were no laws outlining the procedures for handling such appeals.

Tatyana Yelovaya, an activist of the youth group Zubr serving a day sentence for participation in Prostitutes Volkovysk unauthorized protest, complained that guards ignored her requests for medical attention for several hours before Prostitutes Volkovysk for a doctor, who directed that she be taken to a hospital see Section 2. According to prison policy, male and female prisoners were held separately.

Juveniles were held separately from adults, and pretrial detainees normally were held separately from convicted prisoners; however, due to prison overcrowding, they Prostitutes Volkovysk were held together.

At times, authorities granted human rights monitors access to observe prison conditions; however, only family members and lawyers were permitted to visit individual prisoners during the year. On October 28, the Ministry of Interior denied the request of several international observers to visit a prison in Mozyr, Gomel Region. Arbitrary Arrest, Detention, and Exile The law places Prostitutes Volkovysk on arbitrary detention; however, security forces continued to arrest and detain citizens Prostitutes Volkovysk.

Such detentions most often were connected with demonstrations, many of which the authorities had refused to authorize see Section 2.

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Politically motivated arrests continued, although most of those arrested were released within a few hours or days. Under the law, the President has the right to subordinate all security bodies to his personal command. The Presidential Guard--created initially to protect Prostitutes Volkovysk officials--continued to act against the political enemies of Lukashenko with no legislative or judicial oversight.

Impunity remained a serious problem. The authorities often did not investigate abuses by the security forces or hold the perpetrators Prostitutes Volkovysk. Credible reports indicated that petty corruption among police was widespread.

Both the Criminal Procedure and Administrative Codes specify that police may detain a person for up to 3 Prostitutes Volkovysk without providing any explanation for the detention, and the authorities frequently used this provision to detain opposition members and demonstrators.

According to the Criminal Code, police may detain a person suspected of a crime Prostitutes Volkovysk 24 hours without a warrant, within which time the procurator is notified. The procurator then has 48 hours to review the legality of the detention.

Prostitutes Volkovysk the procurator finds that the detention is legal, a suspect may be held for a maximum of 10 days without Prostitutes Volkovysk formal charge. However, once the decision is made to hold a Prostitutes Volkovysk, formal charges generally are filed. Once a suspect is charged, a trial must Prostitutes Volkovysk initiated within 2 months, although in some cases the procurator general may extend pretrial detention to 18 months for further investigation.

Alternatively a suspect who has been charged may be released on a written pledge not to flee, in which case there is no time limit on pretrial investigation. The law gives detainees rather than the procurator the right to Prostitutes Volkovysk the court to determine the legality of their detention.

In practice, the appeals of suspects seeking court review of their detentions were frequently suppressed because detention officials were unwilling to forward the appeals. No provision for bail exists under the legal code. There was credible evidence that prosecutors charged and courts convicted individuals on false charges.

A Minsk city court sentenced Viacheslav Sivchik to 15 days of administrative detention for participating in a banned protest despite photographic evidence and testimony showing that Sivchik was giving an interview at the time of the protest. Despite legal protections, investigators routinely failed to inform detainees of their rights and conducted preliminary interrogations without giving detainees an opportunity to consult counsel.

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In some cases, the information gained in interrogations conducted without counsel was used against the defendant in court. Access by family members Prostitutes Volkovysk those detained was at the discretion of the Prostitutes Volkovysk and they frequently were not notified when a family member, even a juvenile, was detained.

My first priority was to continue to study - and my ambition was to resume studying at Prostitutes Volkovysk highly regarded institute in Moscow. , –66; United Nations and, , –63, ; Volkovysk and, –49; , , , ; purpose of, 20, 25, 28 prostitution, 85 prussic acid.

There were several reports that individuals and members of organizations involved in publishing opposition media were arrested and detained see Section 2.

Unidentified plainclothes officials working for the security services also regularly apprehended and detained individuals engaged in anti-government demonstrations and in the distribution of opposition materials.

Security officials also held some detainees incommunicado following demonstrations. In addition to the hundreds of anti-government protesters, many of whom authorities held for several hours or days, authorities also held several prominent political detainees for prolonged periods of time in pretrial detention. Lengthy pretrial detention was common, although statistics on the number of persons in pretrial detention and Prostitutes Volkovysk average length of such detention were not available.

Mikhail Leonov, director general of the MTZ tractor factory, remained in pretrial detention from January until December 23, when he was convicted on embezzlement charges.

On June 12, Leonid Kalugin, former director of the Atlant refrigerator factory, was released after 6 months Prostitutes Volkovysk administrative detention and over 12 months of Prostitutes Volkovysk freedom under the provisions of the Amnesty Law. On August 22, Viktor Rakhmanko, Prostitutes Volkovysk chief of Belarusian Prostitutes Volkovysk and Prostitutes Volkovysk of the upper house of parliament, was convicted of abuse of power and forgery; he was released as his sentence matched the 21 months he had spent in pretrial Prostitutes Volkovysk and under house arrest.

While the Constitution does not address forced exile and the authorities did not generally use forced exile, there were credible reports that the security services threatened opposition political activists and trade union leaders with criminal prosecution or physical harm if they did not Prostitutes Volkovysk their activities and depart the country.

Denial of Fair Public Trial The Constitution provides for an independent judiciary; however, in practice the judiciary was not independent and was unable to act as a check on the executive branch and its agents. The Prostitutes Volkovysk further subordinated Prostitutes Volkovysk judiciary to the executive branch by giving the President the power to appoint 6 of the 12 members of the Constitutional Court, including the chairman.

The Council of the Republic, which itself is composed of individuals Prostitutes Volkovysk by the President or those deferential to the President, appoints the remaining 6 members. The Prostitutes Volkovysk also has the constitutional authority to appoint and dismiss all district and military judges. There were reports that some judges attempted to influence defendants to alter their pleas see Section 1.

The appointed judge contended that the peasant was right in demanding Cantor to replace his bicycle.

The criminal justice system has three tiers: District courts, regional courts, and the Supreme Court. The Prostitutes Volkovysk Court was established to adjudicate serious constitutional issues; however, it was dependent on the executive branch. In practice, it did not challenge presidential initiatives, and had no means of enforcing its Prostitutes Volkovysk. Prosecutors, like the courts, are organized into offices at the district, regional, and republic levels.

They ultimately were responsible to and serve at the pleasure of the Procurator General, who was appointed by the Council of the Republic.

Prosecutors were not independent and did not have the authority to bring charges against the Prostitutes Volkovysk or the Presidential Administration. Both the and Constitutions provide for public trials, although Prostitutes Volkovysk can be exceptions in cases established by law for example, in cases of rape or on grounds of Prostitutes Volkovysk security ; however, the courts frequently held trials in judges' offices, which prevented some interested observers from monitoring certain trials.

Judges adjudicated trials; juries determine innocence or guilt only in the case of capital offenses in which the defendant pleads not guilty and demands a jury trial. Since judges Prostitutes Volkovysk dependent on the Prostitutes Volkovysk of Justice for sustaining court Prostitutes Volkovysk and on local executive branch officials for providing their personal housing, there Prostitutes Volkovysk widespread and credible reports that executive and local authorities dictated the outcome Prostitutes Volkovysk trials to the courts.

Defendants have the legal right to attend proceedings, confront witnesses, and present evidence on their own behalf; however, in practice these rights were not always respected. The law provides for unlimited access to legal counsel for detainees and that the court appoint one for those who cannot afford a lawyer; however, at times these rights were not respected.

A presidential decree subordinates all lawyers to the Ministry of Justice, which controls the licensing of lawyers; therefore, the bar association also was to a considerable extent under Ministry of Justice MOJ control. According Prostitutes Volkovysk international legal experts and human rights monitors, the decree seriously compromised the independence of lawyers from the authorities.

Several lawyers claimed that they were told they would not receive licenses because Prostitutes Volkovysk their activities in non-governmental organizations NGOs or political parties. Article 62 of the Constitution provides for the right to freely choose legal representation; however, Presidential Decree number 13 prohibits members of NGOs from representing individuals other than members of their organizations in court. This decree was used on several occasions during the year to deny NGO members the right to defend individuals in court and was also used as a pretext to close certain NGOs see Section 4.

On April 28, a court in Mogilev refused to permit Barys Bukhel of the human rights NGO Vyasna to represent an individual in a civil trial, despite the fact that he was acting as a private citizen. The Constitution establishes a presumption of innocence; however, in practice defendants Prostitutes Volkovysk had to prove their innocence. According to statistics, the latest available, from the Belarusian Helsinki Committee, criminal charges were brought by prosecutors against 59, individuals.

Of these, onlyor fewer than 0. Both defendants Prostitutes Volkovysk prosecutors have the right to appeal court decisions, and most criminal cases were appealed; however, appeals Prostitutes Volkovysk resulted in reversals Prostitutes Volkovysk verdicts. In an appeal, neither defendants nor witnesses appear before the court; the Prostitutes Volkovysk merely reviews the protocol and other documents from the lower court's trial.

Throughout the year, anti-government protestors arrested after demonstrations were subjected to assembly-line style trials, often Prostitutes Volkovysk opportunity to exercise their right to counsel or the opportunity to present evidence or call witnesses see Section 2.

There were no reports of political prisoners; however, authorities continued to use administrative measures to detain political activists before, during, and after protests. Arbitrary Interference with Privacy, Family, Home, or Correspondence The Constitution prohibits such actions; however, these rights were not Prostitutes Volkovysk in practice.

The interception of telephone and other communications without a court order is prohibited; however, in practice authorities continued to monitor residences, telephones, and computers. The KGB, MVD, and certain border guard detachments may use wiretaps, but under the law they must obtain a prosecutor's permission before installing them; however, the KGB entered homes, conducted unauthorized searches, and read mail without Prostitutes Volkovysk.

The prosecutor's office exercised no independence from the Government, effectively rendering the due process protections regarding Prostitutes Volkovysk meaningless. The Administrative Offenses Code provides penalties for those who obstruct KGB officers in the performance of their duties. Any effort to prevent KGB officers from entering the premises of a company, establishment, or organization is an administrative offense, as is any refusal by such entities to allow audits or to deny or restrict access to company information systems and databases.

Contracts used by the Ministry of Communications for supplying telephone service Prostitutes Volkovysk subscribers from using telephone communications for purposes that run counter to state interests and public order.

The Ministry has the authority to terminate telephone service to those who breach this provision; however, there were no reports during the year that the Ministry exercised this authority. In most circumstances, night searches are prohibited; however, on the night of February 15, ten armed police officers searched the apartment of Valery Levonevsky after he returned from a meeting to plan a series of demonstrations.

The officers seized some printed material concerning a presidential decree regulating small business. Levonevsky claimed the authorities refused to give him a copy of the search warrant. Unknown intruders broke into the offices of several prominent opposition members and human rights NGO. Unknown intruders broke into the apartment of Vasily Golovatskikh, an opposition deputy in Novopolotsk.

Papers were scattered and property was damaged but nothing was taken, according to Golovatskikh. Human rights groups widely believed that members of security services Prostitutes Volkovysk these break-ins. Nearly all opposition political figures reported that authorities monitored their activities and conversations; the Government did nothing to refute these reports. Representatives of certain NGOs also said that their conversations and correspondence were monitored routinely by the security services.

The Procurator General declined Prostitutes Volkovysk investigate charges of illegal wiretapping brought by members of the opposition. The Presidential Guard or security service reportedly continued to conduct surveillance activities of the President's political opponents. There was no judicial or legislative oversight of the Presidential Guard's budget or activities, and the executive branch repeatedly thwarted attempts to exercise such oversight.

Some officials were themselves monitored. Militia officers assigned to stand outside diplomatic missions were known to keep records of visits by political opposition leaders. On March 6, a panel of Minsk City Court judges threw out a complaint by United Civic Party leader Anatoly Lebedko over his detention; plainclothes officers who refused to identify themselves forcibly detained Lebedko near a foreign Embassy.

The officers drove him to the KGB headquarters and issued him a formal warning that he would be charged with treason if he did not cease his contacts with foreigners. Some opposition figures expressed reluctance Prostitutes Volkovysk visit foreign embassies due to fear of reprisals.

Harassment in the form of inspections by security Prostitutes Volkovysk and confiscation of political literature, often without warrants, was widespread. Targets included opposition candidates and their supporters. On September 30, customs officials searched the vehicle of Valery Frolov and Vladimir Parfenovich, members of the parliamentary opposition group Respublika, as it crossed the border Prostitutes Volkovysk Lithuania.

Many White Russians, were accepted into the police force; many were promoted from virtual anonymity to responsible positions in the municipal government and in various institutions.

Prostitutes Volkovysk Members of Parliament, both Frolov and Parfenovich claimed they enjoyed immunity from such searches, though such Prostitutes Volkovysk is not outlined in the law. The director of the State Customs Committee stated that he ordered the search and claimed that at the state border there were no immune Prostitutes Volkovysk, and that he would search any vehicle he deemed necessary. On March 23, the wife and 7-year-old son of Viacheslav Sivchik were detained prior to a protest in which Viacheslav Sivchik participated.

This was considered a move to pressure Sivchik not to participate in the protest. There were credible reports that the trials of Alexandr Chigir on charges of car theft and assisting in car hijacking were related to the political activity of his father, former Prime Minister Mikhail Chigir.

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Human rights observers widely believed that his 6-year sentence was disproportionate to the allegations of Prostitutes Volkovysk. On May 16, authorities brought new charges against Mikhail Chigir, claiming that there was new information on Chigir's illegal activity; the trial was suspended and no further action had been taken by year's end.

Section 2 Respect for Civil Liberties, Including: a. Freedom Prostitutes Volkovysk Speech and Press Prostitutes Volkovysk the and Constitutions provide for freedom of speech as well as the freedom to receive, retain, Prostitutes Volkovysk disseminate information; however, the Government restricted these rights in practice. Laws Prostitutes Volkovysk decrees restrict freedom of expression by limiting citizens' use of symbols and words on posters and by overly broad interpretation of libel laws to restrict criticism of government officials and activities.

During the year, the Government engaged in an apparently calculated campaign to restrict media freedom. The Government continued to make use of its monopoly on television broadcasting to present Prostitutes Volkovysk news coverage and to minimize the presentation of opposing points of view.

On September 9, President Lukashenko called upon mass media to be used as an instrument for promoting a pro-government state ideology see Section 3.

The executive branch continued its suppression of freedom of speech. A presidential decree prohibits a range of broadly defined activities and limits freedom of expression. The decree prohibits individuals from carrying placards or flags bearing emblems that are not officially registered with the State, as well as emblems, symbols, and posters that Prostitutes Volkovysk to harm the State and public order or rights and legal interests of the citizens.

The decree also prohibits activities that demean state authorities. This decree was used to prosecute and fine those carrying symbols emphasizing the country's independence, such as the pre-Lukashenko Prostitutes Volkovysk and white flag.

Throughout the year, authorities fined, warned, or jailed members of the media, members of opposition and religious groups, and others who publicly criticized the Government. The defamation law Prostitutes Volkovysk no distinction between private and public persons in lawsuits concerning defamation of Prostitutes Volkovysk.

A public figure who was criticized for poor performance in office by a media outlet may ask the prosecutor to sue both the journalist and media outlet that printed the criticism.

The authorities undertook numerous actions during Prostitutes Volkovysk year intended to hamper the opposition media. These included the continued use of: Libel laws, limitations on foreign funding, pressure on businesses not to advertise with independent media, limitations on access to newsprint and printing presses, censorship, restrictions Prostitutes Volkovysk the import of media-related materials, temporary suspension of independent and opposition periodicals, and Prostitutes Volkovysk of those distributing such material.

The newspapers and other print media with the largest circulation were state-owned, although there also were Prostitutes Volkovysk number of independent publications, some of which were critical of the Government.

Independent newspapers were available widely in Minsk, but outside of the capital, variety was limited to the state-run national newspaper and local newspapers, only some of which were independent.

All nationally available radio and television broadcasts originating in the country were government-owned, although some Prostitutes Volkovysk from other countries, including Russia, Poland, and Lithuania, could be received Prostitutes Volkovysk many parts of the country. The two state-run television networks Prostitutes Volkovysk and Belarusian Television were the only Prostitutes Volkovysk to broadcast nationwide.

Both regularly featured reporting that was biased heavily in favor of the Government, sharply critical of opposition politicians and organizations, and failed to provide an outlet for opposing viewpoints. In October, a third state-owned television station, LAD, was established that broadcast to Prostitutes Volkovysk half of the country, using a channel formerly used by the popular Russian television Prostitutes Volkovysk Kultura and other Russian state television channels.

Local, independent television stations operated in some areas and reported local news relatively unhindered by the authorities; however, most of these stations reported that they were under pressure not to report on national level issues or were subject to censorship.

All foreign media correspondents are required to register Prostitutes Volkovysk the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. There were no known instances of journalists denied registration during the year.

Unlike inthere were no incidents in which the independent journalists were beaten. There was no indication that the authorities would investigate or prosecute those responsible for the beatings in of Oleg Suprunyuk, Yuri Grimenyuk, or Stanislav Pochobut.

On November 29, police detained eight opposition activists for distributing a questionnaire for a street poll about a possible referendum to Prostitutes Volkovysk President Lukashenko to run for a third presidential term. The detained activists, including prominent opposition politician Lyudmila Gryaznova, were charged with distributing unregistered print materials. None of the other activists appeared at their trials, and at year's end, did not encounter any other legal problems. In September, the Government released the text of a draft media law that would require media Prostitutes Volkovysk, including Internet outlets, to reregister with the Government, refute any information considered false and libelous, and stipulate that journalists may be stripped of their accreditation should they publish such information.

The draft law also includes provisions that severely limit the provision of international financial assistance to media outlets, prevents media outlets from publishing materials from unregistered organizations, and Prostitutes Volkovysk journalists to "truthfully" report in their articles.

During the year, the Government refused all attempts to engage in public discussion of the draft law, which was not discussed during the fall parliamentary session. In April, Novikova received a 2-year suspended sentence for distributing leaflets critical of Lukashenko at a metro station.

By year's end, Novokiva faced additional charges after holding similar demonstrations on November 24 and December The Government's use of presidential decrees was another obstacle for independent press. A presidential decree "On Improving the System of Receipt and Use of Humanitarian Assistance," allegedly aimed at stopping foreign-supported seditious activity, specifically prohibits foreign-supported activities directed at alteration of the Prostitutes Volkovysk order, overthrow of state power, or encouragement of such activities; preparation, administration, and organization of elections, referenda, organization of meetings, rallies, demonstrations, pickets, strikes, publication, and distribution of promotional Prostitutes Volkovysk, organization of seminars, and other types of promotional activities involving the population.

The decree was the basis for a nationwide crackdown during the electoral campaign on independent media outlets and independent NGOs, many, Prostitutes Volkovysk not most, of which were supported by the international community. The Government utilized tax inspections, safety inspections, and confiscation of printed matter and equipment to immobilize much of the pro-democratic opposition throughout the campaign, thus severely restricting freedoms of speech and expression see Section 1.

Prostitutes Volkovysk May 28, local authorities in Borisov ordered state-owned stores to stop the sale of all publications that did not have a special license. Independent newspapers complained Prostitutes Volkovysk the process of obtaining such licenses, which require Prostitutes Volkovysk approval of 20 local agencies, was difficult and expensive. Authorities continued to pressure Prostitutes Volkovysk newspapers. The law specifies that the Government may close down a publication after two Prostitutes Volkovysk.

Regulatory provisions grant authorities power to ban and censor critical reporting; for example, the State Committee on the Press was given authority to suspend the publication of periodicals or newspapers for 3 months without a court ruling.

Amendments to the law prohibit the Prostitutes Volkovysk from Prostitutes Volkovysk information on behalf of political parties, trade unions, and NGOs that are not registered with the MOJ. On May 28, the Ministry of Information suspended the popular independent Prostitutes Volkovysk Belaruskaya Delovaya Gazeta BDG Prostitutes Volkovysk giving the newspaper two warnings for articles critical of the Government.

The articles reported on the Prostitutes Volkovysk of President Lukashenko's personal Prostitutes Volkovysk by a Russian Prostitutes Volkovysk who had visited Lukashenko and provided information about the trials of Mikhail Leonov, former director of the Minsk Tractor Factory, and Prostitutes Volkovysk Kazeko, former President of the Belarusian State Food Industry Concern.

The Government allowed BDG to resume publishing and distribution activities in August; however, BDG was Prostitutes Volkovysk to find a printing press in the country willing to print the newspaper and was forced to use a printing press in Russia. Following BDG's suspension, the Government undertook what appeared to Prostitutes Volkovysk a systematic campaign to punish any entity that printed or published BDG articles through suspensions, fines, personnel dismissals, and deprivation of access to printing presses.

Actions included the June 4 suspensions of the Prostitutes Volkovysk trade union paper, Solidarnasts, the independent newspaper Navinki, and the newspaper Echo, all of which had provided space Prostitutes Volkovysk BDG's articles. Vladimir Telesh, the director of the printing press that printed Solidarnasts, Navinki, and Ekho was fired from his position for his "failure to meet the provisions of the Prostitutes Volkovysk in accordance with the existing law. On July 22, a state-run printing house in Slonim refused to continue printing the independent newspaper Mestnaya Gazeta Shag after it began printing Prostitutes Volkovysk articles in Prostitutes Volkovysk paper.

After their suspensions ended, none of these newspapers were able to secure contracts with local printing presses. On September 23, the Minsk Regional Economic Court Prostitutes Volkovysk a decision by the Minsk Oblast Executive Committee to liquidate Mestnoye Vremya Press Ltd, the owner of the independent newspaper Mestnoye Prostitutes Volkovysk, allegedly for failing to provide notification of the company's change of address and charter.

The decision was made despite the fact that in Prostitutes Volkovysk, the Minsk City Prostitutes Volkovysk Court had overruled the decision and Prostitutes Volkovysk the restoration of the company's registration. Ulan was stripped of his status as an individual entrepreneur. Following the court's ruling, the Lida branch of the Belarusian Language Society published the newspaper until Prostitutes Volkovysk, when Ulan's wife took over as publisher of the newspaper.

On October 2, the Ministry of Information suspended publication of the newspaper for up to 3 months alleging that Ulan's wife had no right to engage in publishing activities, despite existing legislation that allows individuals and legal entities Prostitutes Volkovysk publish newspapers.

The decision was made despite the fact that Ulan's wife also had successfully defeated attempts by local authorities to deny her registeration as an individual entrepreneur, which granted her the Prostitutes Volkovysk to engage in newspaper publication. In November, Ulan's wife filed a lawsuit in the Grodno regional economic court against the local authorities' decision against her.

The case was then transferred to the Supreme Economic Court. On December 24, police detained a minibus carrying 5, issues of the independent newspaper Mestnaya Gazeta. Romulad Ulan and the driver were forced to go to the police station but were Prostitutes Volkovysk 2 hours later when police were unable to find any legal violations.

On December 26, police sealed the newspaper's Prostitutes Volkovysk after fire safety officials determined that the fire safety code violations found on December 23 had not been rectified.

However, fire safety officials in Grodno later determined that the local fire safety officials had Prostitutes Volkovysk their authority and the offices were unsealed on December On July 28, the Ministry of Information annulled the registration of the independent newspaper Den, because the newspaper had not published within 1 year of its last issue.

On August 26, the Ministry of Information revoked its annulment after it became aware that the newspaper had published an Prostitutes Volkovysk of the paper within the past year. Despite being allowed to resume publication, Den was unable to secure an agreement with printing presses to publish the newspaper. On November 27, the Presidential Administration successfully insisted that as a condition of President Lukashenko's appearance on a televised live debate on a Russian television show called Freedom of Speech, the station remove 21 representatives of independent media and civil society from the list of intended participants.

On December 27, BSTRC granted the state-owned news agency BelTa the exclusive right to distribute weekly television listings through media outlets starting January 1, The decision, made by the Presidential Administration, raised fears among independent newspapers that they will be denied access to these listings Prostitutes Volkovysk may face a decline in readership of their newspapers. The independent press is prohibited by presidential decree from using the country's Prostitutes Volkovysk in its titles.

The decree on "the Use by Legal Entities of the Name of the Republic" allows only legal entities specially authorized by the President to use the name of the country in their titles.

Another presidential decree declares all editors-in-chief of state-supported newspapers to be state employees and members of their respective local-level government councils. Another decree grants the Ministry of Press the authority to Prostitutes Volkovysk graduates of state-supported journalism schools to work in state-owned media Prostitutes Volkovysk as a way to repay their schooling.

Beginning on June 7, all radio stations were required to forward copies Prostitutes Volkovysk the news stories and play lists they had broadcast to Prostitutes Volkovysk Ministry of Information. On January 2, the SCC seized audio and video recording equipment from the office of the Belarusian Union of Filmmakers that was donated by a Russian company on the grounds that the organization improperly prepared Prostitutes Volkovysk proving ownership and customs clearance of the equipment.

After the Government issued a decree in transferring responsibility for registering electronic media from the Ministry of Communications to the Prostitutes Volkovysk of Information, all electronic media outlets were required to reregister with the Ministry of Information. According to the Belarusian Association of Journalists, the authorities did not reject any reregistration applications from electronic media outlets. The law allows for punishment of public insults or libel against the President by up to 4 years in prison, 2 years of khimya detention in Prostitutes Volkovysk exileor by a large fine.

The authorities also continued to make use of the articles Prostitutes Volkovysk the Criminal Code that prohibit slandering and insulting the President or officials to stifle press freedom. The Criminal Code provides for a maximum penalty of 5 years' imprisonment for such offenses. According to the Prostitutes Volkovysk Association of Journalists BAJ President Zhana Litvina, the laws penalizing slander of officials effectively imposed a ban on press criticism of the Government.

On September 2, the Constitutional Court, in Prostitutes Volkovysk to a BAJ petition in July, asked the National Assembly for clarification of these articles, and suggested adding a clause decriminalizing criticism of Prostitutes Volkovysk if it Prostitutes Volkovysk not defame or dishonor them, or use offensive language.

However, the National Assembly took no action by year's end. In March, Nikolai Markevich, editor in chief of the opposition newspaper Pahonia, and Pahonia journalist Pavel Mozheiko were released Prostitutes Volkovysk their respective detention facilities in Osipovichi and Zhlobin.

They were sentenced to 2. In December, Viktor Ivashkevich, editor-in-chief of the opposition newspaper Rabochi, was released--his sentence was reduced from 2 years to 1 year. The journalists all qualified for early release based upon normal practice. On February 24, the Ministry of Information ordered the opposition newspaper Vcherny Stolin to suspend its printing activities for 3 months for alleged "flagrant violations" of the law, inciting social intolerance, and publishing classified material about a police investigation into corruption in the local government without permission.

The Ministry also cited the newspaper's failure to properly report that the newspaper was switching the focus of its reporting from economic issues to political issues. On Prostitutes Volkovysk 8, following Vcherny Stolin's suspension, Alexander Ignatyuk, editor-in-chief of Vcherny Stolin, launched Prostitutes Volkovysk newspaper, Provintsialka, which continued to provide critical reporting of local officials.

On April 18, the Ministry of Prostitutes Volkovysk suspended Provintsialka for 3 months on the grounds that Prostitutes Volkovysk exceeded its advertising limit. The Ministry of Information gave Vcherny Stolin permission to resume publishing so that Ignatyuk could generate income to pay his fines.

Publication was resumed in April. In addition to the March 8 fine, Prostitutes Volkovysk officials who were accused of Prostitutes Volkovysk and abuse of power sued Ignatyuk on three other occasions during the year.

On November 17, a Minsk City Appeals Court panel levied heavy libel fines against the country's largest daily independent newspaper Narodnaya Volya and two journalists for an Prostitutes Volkovysk written 2 years ago. The appellate court increased the amount of damages three to five times over what a lower court previously levied against the newspaper and the journalists.

It made this decision in spite of the regional prosecutor's legal opinion that the fine far exceeded the damages suffered by the complainant. In response to Khalip's articles about official investigations into the alleged corrupt business practices Prostitutes Volkovysk Viktor Kozeko, the former head of a large state-owned food concern, Belgospisheprom, and his son. At year's end, no further developments had occurred.

On June 28, the Ministry of Interior expelled Pavel Selin, a journalist with the Russian television station NTV and banned him from returning to the country for 5 years. The expulsion order came following Selin's reporting on the June 25 Prostitutes Volkovysk of the prominent Belarusian writer Vasili Bykov.

Selin's report described police efforts to interrupt Bykov's funeral procession, the refusal of officials to participate in the funeral along with opposition figures, and Bykov's wife's problems in obtaining residential registration.

At year's end, NTV did not issue an apology and its Minsk office remained closed. Prior to the March 2 local elections, on February 6, one radio station in Vitebsk denied a local opposition candidate the opportunity to address radio listeners on a radio Prostitutes Volkovysk, although three other candidates were able to do Prostitutes Volkovysk. According to the Prostitutes Volkovysk, independent newspapers in the provinces engaged in self-censorship.

During a March visit to Orsha, Culture Minister Leonid Guliaka ordered the removal of several opposition and independent newspapers including Narodnaya Volya and BDG from a local library because "damaging opposition press has no business in a cultural Prostitutes Volkovysk.

On July 6, officials from the Ministry of Culture and the Minsk City Executive Committee ordered the removal of a painting by Alexei Marochkin at an art exhibit marking the th anniversary of the coronation of Grand Duke Minduah, the founder of the Prostitutes Volkovysk Duchy of Lithuania. The painting depicted a critical comparison between Lukashenko and Duke Minduah. Although there were several Internet service providers in the country, they were all state controlled.

The Government's Prostitutes Volkovysk on Internet service resulted in high prices, poor quality, limited service, and allowed the Government to monitor Prostitutes Volkovysk all e-mail. Unlike in previous years, there were no confirmed instances of authorities selectively cutting off Internet access.

In June, hackers attacked a website that posted a copy of a book critical of President Lukashenko. In addition to restrictions placed on the media, the Government continued to restrict academic freedom. University administrators targeted and strongly discouraged research into politically sensitive subjects, such as the country's independence movement during the Soviet era, a theme that is seen to challenge the Government's policy of integration with Russia see Section 1.

All independent, non-state, academic institutions are required to obtain special permission from the authorities to hold educational seminars or lectures. There were also credible reports that independent universities engaged in self-censorship. According to Prostitutes Volkovysk Lukashenko, educational institutions are to serve as the centers of Prostitutes Volkovysk the new state ideology, with teachers to become "active propagandists.

The Government also continued to harass students engaged in anti-government activities, such as demonstrations see Section 2. In at least one instance, the university's administration warned students at Belarusian State Technology University that they would be deprived of their Prostitutes Volkovysk and stipends if they did not join the BRYM. During the year, government efforts to close educational institutions that promoted Belarusian and Jewish studies led many in these respective groups to believe that the Government sought to prevent teaching in the Belarusian language and the teaching of Judaica see Sections 2.

Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and Association The and Constitutions both provide for freedom of peaceful assembly; however, the Government severely restricted this right in practice. Following many unsanctioned demonstrations, police and other security officials beat, detained, and attempted to coerce confessions from some demonstrators. Organizers must apply at least 15 days in advance to local officials for permission Prostitutes Volkovysk conduct a demonstration, rally, or meeting.

Under the law, the local government must respond with a decision no later than 5 days prior Prostitutes Volkovysk the scheduled event. However, such permits were not routinely issued during the year. Beginning with the September elections, most permits either have not been granted or have Prostitutes Volkovysk granted only for demonstrations in obscure, hard-to-reach locations. On August 29, a law on Prostitutes Volkovysk took effect that further restricts citizens' ability to assemble peacefully, and allows the Government to close any organization after a single violation of the law.

The new law Prostitutes Volkovysk intended to codify a Presidential decree that banned demonstrations by unregistered organizations, limited participation to under 1, persons, and prohibited the wearing Prostitutes Volkovysk masks and use of unregistered flags, symbols, and placards bearing messages deemed threatening to the state or public order see Section 2.

According to members of opposition parties, Prostitutes Volkovysk frequently denied permission to opposition groups to meet in public buildings. Nevertheless, public demonstrations occurred frequently in Minsk, varying in size from a few participants to several thousand. However, they were always under strict surveillance by the authorities, including open videotaping of the participants by the police and plainclothes security officers. Demonstrations also occurred in Prostitutes Volkovysk parts of the country although less frequently, particularly in eastern Prostitutes Volkovysk close to the border with Russia.

On February 14, police broke up an opposition march that was attended by 50 persons and organized Prostitutes Volkovysk the unregistered youth movement Malady Front. On February 17, five members of Malady Front, including Malady Front leader Pavel Severinets, were sentenced to 5 to 15 days' Prostitutes Volkovysk.

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Following the March 12 Prostitutes Volkovysk March for a Better Life" demonstration, authorities arrested and convicted several of its organizers. During a March 23 demonstration marking the anniversary of the foundation of the Belarusian National Republic, police arrested approximately 50 persons including Belarusian Popular Front leaders Vintsuk Vyachorka and BPF activist Vladimir Kishkurnko, as well as members of other opposition parties.

Many were released after a few hours, but 23 were convicted of participating in an unauthorized rally, and 10 of those convicted, including Vyachorka, Kishkurno, and Vyacheslav Sivchiuk, Prostitutes Volkovysk sentenced to up to 15 days' imprisonment; 6 participants were heavily fined; and 7 received warnings. Valentin Baranov, an organizer of the March 23 demonstration, was sentenced to 14 days' imprisonment.

Baranov had received a day sentence on March 24, and Prostitutes Volkovysk on April 25, for his involvement in the March 23 demonstration. After the trial, Baranov, complaining of ill health, was hospitalized and his sentence was cancelled. However, his case was subsequently returned to court, which reintroduced the charges against him. On April 3, police detained approximately 15 members of the unregistered youth movement Zubr after they held an unsanctioned demonstration outside of a foreign embassy in Minsk Prostitutes Volkovysk support of Operation Iraqi Freedom.

One participant was sentenced to days' imprisonment, while two received warnings. A fourth person, Tatyana Yelovaya, Prostitutes Volkovysk into hiding and was sentenced in absentia to 10 days imprisonment. On June 18, Yelovaya Prostitutes Volkovysk arrested at her university after she finished taking her final exams. On June 20, Yelovaya was rushed to a hospital and underwent medical treatment after developing an infection while in detention.

After receiving treatment, Yelovaya was released from the hospital and went into hiding. At year's end, Yelovaya remained in hiding. On October 1, Anatoly Shumchenko, leader of the Perspectiva business association, was arrested and sentenced to 5 days imprisonment for his involvement in organizing a September 3 demonstration in front of a Minsk district administration building to protest the city authority's pressure on kiosk owners.

On October 30, Prostitutes Volkovysk Bukhvostov, leader of the Belarusian Union Prostitutes Volkovysk Automobile and Agricultural Implement Workers, was sentenced to 10 days' imprisonment for attempting to demonstrate against increased government violations of workers rights in downtown Minsk see Section 6.

On November 10, Artur Finkevich, a member of the unregistered youth organization Malady Front, was detained for distributing leaflets promoting a November 24 demonstration that ostensibly lacked required publication information.

After being released on November 11, Finkevich was again arrested on November 12 for distributing similar leaflets and was sentenced to 15 days' imprisonment. After completing his term, Finkevich was immediately tried for his November 10 arrest and was sentenced to 15 days' imprisonment. On November 24, 17 persons were arrested in downtown Minsk for participating in an unauthorized demonstrating against possible plans to hold a referendum to allow President Lukashenko to run for president a third time.

Two of Prostitutes Volkovysk arrested were sentenced to 15 days imprisonment and another demonstrator was sentenced to 5 days imprisonment. Twelve minors who were Prostitutes Volkovysk during the demonstration were released. Most of those released ignored subpoenas to appear before court. On December 2, Gomel oblast authorities prohibited the Belarusian Party of Communists from Prostitutes Volkovysk demonstrations throughout the oblast to protest a sharp rise in utility rates in the Prostitutes Volkovysk.

On December 20, approximately 20 members of the unregistered youth organization Zubr held an unsanctioned outdoor vigil to mark the death of Andrei Zaitsev, a former member of Zubr, who committed suicide in after Prostitutes Volkovysk that the KGB attempted to recruit him. On December 22, Prostitutes Volkovysk Gomel court sentenced five members of Zubr to 5 days' imprisonment for participating in the event.

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The CRNA reported that foreigners came to the country during the year to engage in religious activity, education, and humanitarian assistance activity with registered religious groups; however, religious groups, even those with a long history in the country, continued to experience difficulties in obtaining visas. Perhaps he was assigned to my parents by a clandestine local Jewish society which sought to help the refugees? On October 1, Anatoly Shumchenko, leader of the Perspectiva business association, was arrested and sentenced to 5 days imprisonment for his involvement in organizing a September 3 demonstration in front of a Minsk district administration building to protest the city authority's pressure on kiosk owners.

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